Lithium ion batteries for auxiliary power units in transportation systems: from physical modeling to optimal operation

本次提案的主题是通过材料、工艺和操作的物理建模来推进电池技术。该项目支持合作公司Cool-It Hi Way Services开发用于重型运输的电池供电辅助动力装置（apu）。这些apu允许在驾驶休息期间提供无空闲电源，以提供供暖，通风和空调需求。无空转APU市场的增长取决于先进电化学动力装置（电池、燃料电池、超级电容器）的发展，这些装置可以显著降低成本、提高能效、降低燃料消耗，并在重型车辆的典型气候和负载条件下延长运行时间。为了实现这些实际目标，我们将在物理建模中开发一种分层方法。我们的模型将整合从活性粒子到电极再到电池的一系列尺度的结构细节和过程。模型的中心模块用统计粒子模型表示电池电极。将采用基于福克-普朗克理论的形式描述动态粒子居平衡。这种多用途的形式将允许由化学、机械和热应力驱动的结构退化的主要原因被纳入。它将在后续的项目阶段链接到一个1D电极模型和一个热模块。容量和功率衰减、故障模式和电池循环寿命将根据初始电池布局和结构、提供的外部条件和使用的循环协议进行分析。建模见解将提供一种新的电池管理系统的开发，该系统将优化基于电池的apu的动态响应。该工具，包括详细的文档，将以可执行程序的形式提供给CIHWS。此外，我们将为运输系统中的apu开发一种技术经济成本建模工具，该工具将纳入电池模型的结果。

The theme of this proposal is advancement of battery technology through physical modeling of materials,processes, and operation. The project supports the collaborating company, Cool-It Hi Way Services, in thedevelopment of battery-powered auxiliary power units (APUs) for heavy-duty transportation applications.These APUs allow idle-free power supply to provide heating, ventilation and air-conditioning needs duringdriving breaks. Growth of the idle-free APU market hinges on the development of advanced electrochemicalpower units (battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor) that enable markedly reduced cost, high energy efficiency,reduced fuel consumption, and long operating time under typical climate and load conditions of heavy-dutyvehicles. To achieve these practical goals, we will develop a hierarchical approach in physical modeling. Ourmodel will integrate structural details and processes over a range of scales from active particles to electrodesand to battery cells. The central module of the model represents battery electrodes by a statistical particlemodel. A formalism based on Fokker-Planck theory will be employed to describe the dynamic particlepopulation balance. This versatile formalism will allow leading causes of structural degradation, driven bychemical, mechanical and thermal stressors, to be incorporated. It will be linked in subsequent project phases toa 1D electrode model and a thermal module. Capacity and power fade, failure modes, and battery cycle life willbe analyzed in dependence of initial battery layout and structure, external conditions provided and cyclingprotocols applied. Modeling insights will furnish the development of a new battery management system thatwill optimize the dynamic response of battery-based APUs. This tool, including a detailed documentation, willbe provided to CIHWS in the form of an executable program. Moreover, we will develop a techno-economiccost-modeling tool for APUs in transportation systems that will incorporate results of the battery model.