Role of PTEN during Pi(4,5)P2 homeostasis and autophagy

自噬，即自食的过程，从酵母到哺乳动物在进化上都是保守的。这一过程导致溶酶体降解细胞器、蛋白质或核酸等胞质成分。自噬开始于双膜囊的形成，双膜囊扩展并形成自噬体，可以吞噬细胞质成分。自噬体随后与释放消化酶的溶酶体融合以促进货物降解。自噬调节亚细胞区室的动态重塑，参与控制胚胎发生、饥饿反应、抗肿瘤发生和抗衰老等生理过程。因此，了解这一重要过程对于基础研究和生物医学研究都是至关重要的。

Autophagy, the process of self-eating, is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. This process leads to the lysosomal degradation of cytosolic components such as organelles, proteins or nucleic acids. Autophagy starts with the formation of a double-membrane sac that expends and forms the autophagosome that can engulf cytosolic components. The autophagosome then fuse with lysosomes that discharge their digestive enzymes to promote cargo degradation. Autophagy regulates the dynamic remodeling of subcellular compartments and participates to the control of several physiological processes such as embryogenesis, response to starvation, anti-tumorigenesis and anti-senescence. Therefore, the understanding of this important process is essential for both fundamental and biomedical research.