Integration of plant responses to multiple stressors over time: interactions between winter and summer

对多种胁迫的响应一直是植物研究的一个重要课题，特别是在全球环境变化的背景下。虽然人们一直关注植物对同时发生的胁迫（如干旱和热胁迫）的反应，但胁迫之间的相互作用也可以在时间上顺序发生。在某些情况下，植物对初始胁迫的生理反应可以降低对未来胁迫的脆弱性。然而，与这种“压力记忆”的潜在好处相反，植物对初始压力的反应条件的下降会降低对未来压力的耐受能力。在生长季节的背景下，多种胁迫之间的相互作用已经得到了广泛的研究。相比之下，尽管冬季条件的变化可能会对植物生长季节的表现产生重大影响，但缺乏关于冬季胁迫对夏季胁迫反应的延续效应的研究。在生态系统背景下，植物对冬季条件变化的响应与夏季胁迫耐受性之间的协同作用更加复杂。例如，霜冻不仅有可能损害越冬植物，而且还会影响土壤微生物、养分有效性、土壤物理性质和水分，在检查植物的整体反应时，需要考虑这些因素的相互作用。

Response to multiple stresses has been a key topic in plant research, particularly in the context of global environmental change. While there has been a focus on plant responses to stresses that occur simultaneously, such as drought and heat stress, interactions between stresses also can occur sequentially in time. In some cases changes in the physiology of a plant in response to an initial stress can decrease vulnerability to future stress. However, in contrast to the potential benefits of this 'stress memory,' declines in plant condition in response to the initial stress can decrease the ability to tolerate future stress. Such interactions between multiple stresses have been studied extensively in the context of the growing season. In contrast, studies of carryover effects of winter stress on summer stress responses are lacking, despite the potential for variability in winter conditions to influence plant growing season performance substantially. Synergies between plant responses to variability in winter conditions and stress tolerance over summer are further complicated when examined in an ecosystem context. For example, frost not only has the potential to damage overwintering plants, but it also can affect soil microorganisms, nutrient availability, soil physical properties and moisture, and the interactions of these factors need to be accounted for when examining overall plant responses.