Environmental change, seasonal interactions, and demographic responses of arctic-breeding birds

许多滨鸟物种从北极的繁殖地到中美洲和南美洲的越冬地穿越整个半球。他们在整个年度周期中遇到的条件可以对行为、生理状况和最终人口统计产生互动和深刻的影响。这些季节性的相互作用或遗留效应可以解释在任何一个孤立地点都无法解释的模式，并日益被视为人口过程的重要决定因素。北极恶劣和不可预测的繁殖条件提供了大量的变化，以测试有关季节性相互作用的假设。这一点，加上北极繁殖的滨鸟在迁徙过程中使用有限的一组中途停留地点，使得一个理想的系统，在其中研究结转效应的作用。

Many shorebird species travel the length of the hemisphere from breeding grounds in the Arctic to wintering grounds in Central and South America. The conditions they encounter throughout the annual cycle can have interactive and profound influences on behaviour, physiological condition and ultimately demography. These seasonal interactions, or carry-over effects, can explain patterns that would be inexplicable at any one site in isolation and are increasingly viewed as important determinants of demographic processes. The harsh and unpredictable breeding conditions of the Arctic provide substantial variation with which to test hypotheses about seasonal interactions. This, coupled with arctic-breeding shorebirds’ use of a restricted set of stopover sites during migration, makes for an ideal system within which to study the role of carry-over effects.