How biomechanical factors and compensatory strategies influence joint contact forces?

许多研究报道，个体特征(如年龄、性别、遗传因素)和生物力学因素(如体重、机械排列)的差异可能使关节易患退行性疾病。研究还报告说，在日常活动中(有意识或无意识地)，个人经常采用一些补偿策略(例如，增加脚趾外露角度，增加躯干倾斜)来应对关节紊乱，以将疼痛降至最低。为了量化这些策略的效率，作者通常报告了步态中下关节力矩的减少。然而，最近的研究质疑这些参数对最小化关节接触力的真正影响。根据我们的了解，在功能性任务(如楼梯上升和下降、坐立过渡)过程中，代偿策略以及它们与生物力学因素对关节完整性的影响(即关节完整性的保持可以表示为关节接触面上载荷的最佳分配的结果)知之甚少。

Many studies have reported that individual characteristics (e.g., age, sex, genetic factors) and differences in biomechanical factors (e.g., body weight, mechanical alignment) may predispose the joint to degenerative diseases. Studies also report that some compensatory strategies (e.g., increased toe-out angle, increase trunk lean) are often adopted by individuals during daily activities (consciously or not) to cope with joint disorders in order to minimize pain. To quantify the efficiency of these strategies, authors generally reported the reduction of lower joint moments during gait. However, recent studies have questioned the real impact of these parameters on the minimization of joint contact forces. Based on our knowledge, little is known about the influence of compensatory strategies as well as their interaction with biomechanical factors on joint integrity (i.e., the preservation of joint integrity could be represented as the result of optimal distribution of loads on joint contact surfaces) during functional tasks (e.g., stair ascent and descent, sit-to-stand transition).