Patterned Hierarchies of Functional Materials

生命、意识、复制、磁性、液晶性和生物形态发生是我们所说的“涌现”属性。这些可以说是从模式的层次结构演变而来的。层次结构可以被理解为一种分支树，它显示了它的不同部分是如何连接的。“树”作为一棵树的功能仅仅是依靠所有部分如何相互作用。这棵树，就像意识或生物形态发生一样，真的不能简化为原子和分子。涌现指的是部件聚集在一起（组装）产生某种模式的方式，这种模式与功能属性有关，例如传导光或磁性的能力。这些特性是从部件的模式中显现出来的。在自然界中，像硅藻（浮游植物）这样的微生物从水中吸收柠檬酸。硅酸是一个四面体的4原子分子，硅藻用它来建造一个非常华丽的“玻璃房子”--一个叫做硅藻壳的保护壳。硅藻壳具有复杂的周期性图案，尽管玻璃本身在分子尺度上是无序的。 硅藻负责每第四次呼吸中的氧气，因此了解硅藻壳在光合作用中收集光的作用是有用的。我们怀疑硅藻利用硅藻壳作为一种复杂的光学装置来收集阳光，并将其引导到叶绿体中，以固定二氧化碳并制造氧气。在我们的研究中，我们使用理论模型并进行实验来展示硅藻如何在非常小的尺度上具有光子（光学）-它们是纳米光子。 我们展示了图案形成如何导致纳米光子行为。磁性也是电子有序排列的结果（铁磁性就是一个例子）。有一些不寻常的流体--铁磁流体--由磁性纳米颗粒组成，如磁铁矿，Fe 3 O 4。当这样一种流体的平池暴露在磁场中时，一种模式突然形成。这打破了原子池的旋转对称性，我们称之为相变。对称性破坏导致模式。我们感兴趣的不仅是这些模式是如何形成的，而且是如何对它们进行永久记录。我们已经发现了一种方法来做到这一点，我们在本研究提案中描述了它。磁性材料的永久模式将使我们能够为诸如微型致动器之类的东西创造新的磁性，这些致动器可以在磁场中移动，以模仿微生物或人类肺部的纤毛。这样的研究可能会影响健康研究。最后，对图案化结构的研究将告诉我们一些新的东西，关于如何从图案中产生物质的新功能。正是由于这些原因，我们将我们的研究计划命名为功能材料的图案化层次。

Life, consciousness, replication, magnetism, liquid crystallinity and biological morphogenesis are what we call "emergent" properties. These can be said to evolve from hierarchies of patterns. A hierarchy can be understood as a kind of branched tree that shows how its different parts are connected. The “tree” functions as a tree only by virtue of how all the parts interact. The tree, like consciousness or biological morphogenesis, is really not reducible to atoms and molecules. Emergence refers to the way that parts come together (assemble) to yield some sort of pattern that is connected to a functional property, like the ability to conduct light or magnetism. It is from the patterning of the parts that such properties emerge. In Nature, micro-organisms like diatoms (phytoplankton) take up silicic acid from water. Silicic acid is a tetrahedral 4-atom molecule that is used by the diatom to build a very ornate “glass house” - a protective shell called the frustule. The frustule has a complex periodic pattern, though the glass itself is disordered at the molecular scale. Diatoms are responsible for the oxygen in every 4th breath one takes, so it is useful to understand the role that the frustule might play in harvesting light for photosynthesis. We suspect that diatoms use the frustule as a complex optical device to collect sunlight and channel it to its chloroplasts to fix carbon dioxide and make oxygen. In our research, we use theoretical models and conduct experiments to show how diatoms are photonic (optical) on a very small scale – they are nanophotonic. We show how pattern formation leads to nanophotonic behavior. Magnetism too is the result of patterning of electrons in an ordered way (ferromagnetism is an example). There are unusual fluids – ferrofluids – that consist of magnetic nanoparticles like magnetite, Fe3O4. When a flat pool of such a fluid is exposed to a magnetic field, a pattern suddenly forms. This breaks the rotational symmetry of the pool, and we call this a phase transition. Symmetry-breaking leads to patterns. We are interested not only in how these patterns form, but how to make permanent records of them. We have discovered a way to do so, and we describe it in this research proposal. Permanent patterns of magnetic material will allow us to create new kinds of magnetism for things like tiny actuators that can be mobilized in magnetic fields to imitate the cilia of micro-organisms or in the human lung. Such a study can impact health research. In the end, the study of patterned structures will tell us something new about how to create new functions of matter that emerge from patterns. It is for these reasons that we entitle our research program, Patterned Hierarchies of Functional Materials.