Incorporating pollution inhalation and energy expenditure into network analysis for active transportation

加拿大的许多城市都有增加积极交通(步行和骑自行车)的计划和政策，这是出于预期的环境、公共健康和宜居性利益的理由。虽然行人和骑自行车的人受益于体力活动的增加，但吸入空气污染也增加了风险。认识到不同出行方式在能源消耗和污染吸入方面的差异，但知识差距阻碍了对积极出行方式之间的差异以及交通网络特征的影响的评估。因此，当前的积极交通规划和设计指南缺乏关于如何降低污染风险的定量信息。*本研究计划的长期目标是开发战略指导和工具，以规划、设计和管理加拿大的城市交通系统，以支持社区和经济活力，同时将广泛的资源成本降至最低。该提案中的五年研究计划旨在实现这一长期目标，总体目标是能够更全面地规划和设计活跃的交通网络。我们的三个短期研究目标是：1)调查城市活跃出行者的身体特征和偏好；2)量化交通网络对能源消耗和污染吸入的影响，包括旅行速度和呼吸率的变化；3)开发和应用多准则路线和网络分析工具，将污染吸入和能源消耗与其他旅行成本(时间、碰撞风险、噪音、舒适度等)相结合。这将是第一次考虑能量消耗和呼吸频率的动态以及活跃旅行者的路线和速度选择的研究。*交通工程师和规划者将能够利用这项研究的结果，在项目开发和选择过程中明确地将污染吸入纳入其他因素。这些信息对我们的长期交通目标至关重要，无论是为了促进和安全地适应加拿大城市更多的步行和骑自行车。我们将提供有关城市活跃出行者的新知识，并确定设计舒适、安全和健康的活跃出行路线的策略。研究结果的广泛传播还将使活跃的旅行者做出更明智的旅行选择。**

Many cities in Canada have programs and policies to increase active transportation (walking and bicycling), justified by expected environmental, public health and livability benefits. Although pedestrians and bicyclists benefit from an increase in physical activity, there are also added risks from air pollution inhalation. Differences in energy expenditure and pollution inhalation among travel modes are recognized, but knowledge gaps impede assessment of differences within active travel modes and the effects of transportation network characteristics. Consequently, current planning and design guidelines for active transportation lack quantitative information about how to mitigate pollution risks.***The long-term objective of this research program is to develop strategic guidance and tools to plan, design, and manage urban transportation systems in Canada that support community and economic vitality while minimizing a broad range of resource costs. The five-year research plan in the proposal builds towards this long-term objective with a general goal of enabling more comprehensive planning and design of active transportation networks. Our three short-term research objectives are to 1) investigate the physical characteristics and preferences of urban active travellers, 2) quantify effects of the transportation network on energy expenditure and pollution inhalation, including variations in travel speed and breathing rate, and 3) develop and apply multi-criteria route and network analysis tools that integrate pollution inhalation and energy expenditure with other travel costs (time, crash risk, noise, comfort, etc.). This will be the first research to consider the dynamics of energy expenditure and breathing rate along with the route and speed choices of active travellers.***Transportation engineers and planners will be able to use the outcomes of this research to explicitly include pollution inhalation among other factors during project development and selection. This information is crucial to our long-range transportation goals, both to promote and to safely accommodate increased walking and bicycling in Canadian cities. We will contribute new knowledge about urban active travellers, and identify strategies for designing active travel routes that are comfortable, safe, and healthy. Broad dissemination of research results will also enable active travellers to make more informed travel choices.**