DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN OMNI-DIRECTIONAL BIOFIDELIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURROGATE NECK FOR HELMET AND AUTOMOTIVE CRASH TESTING

用于头盔和汽车碰撞测试的全向BIOFIDELIC三维替代颈部的设计和建造******头部和颈部的损伤会导致灾难性的残疾，对生活质量的破坏是显著的，对受伤人员、他们的家庭、医疗系统和发生这些损伤的社会也是如此。头部和颈部保护着中枢神经系统、大脑和脊髓中最重要的部分。各种设计的替代颈部被用来模拟健康人颈部的反应，从而控制和规定头部运动和头部撞击对躯干撞击或加速度的反应，它们控制测试头部撞击后头部形状的运动。替代颈部用于汽车碰撞测试，并且越来越多地用于头盔测试标准和测试平台。这是因为它们允许和控制头部旋转，头部和大脑的旋转加速度越来越多地被研究，因为它已被确定在脑震荡和更严重的大脑损伤中发挥核心作用。***这些颈部也用于头部撞击场景，研究设计用于防止头部撞击颈椎损伤的设备（例如在汽车翻车中发生的头部撞击车顶，以及在山地车和曲棍球等运动中发生的头部撞击地面，球员，障碍物等）。在这种情况下，最常用的替代颈是Hybrid III假颈，它由嵌入金属盘的橡胶柱组成，并去除橡胶的部分，以允许在不同方向上具有灵活性。专门的汽车假颈已经被设计用于低速碰撞和摩托车碰撞测试，但我们还不知道一个是为头部碰撞设计的，一个是为全方位的生物反应设计的。这种装置将在预防中枢神经系统最严重和灾难性的损伤（即SCI和TBI）方面发挥关键作用。因此，我们的目标是设计、建立和表征一个颈椎的三维力学模型，该模型具有与人类相似的运动学、动力学和时间特征。机械脊柱将在轴向冲击以及轴向载荷与正面、横向和矢状面组件的任何组合中再现类似人类的反应。我们将这个颈部称为ODN（全方位颈部）。

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN OMNI-DIRECTIONAL BIOFIDELIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURROGATE NECK FOR HELMET AND AUTOMOTIVE CRASH TESTING ******Injuries to the head and neck result in catastrophic disability and the disruptions in quality of life are significant, as are costs to the injured persons, their families and the medical systems and societies in which these injuries happen. The head and neck protect the most important elements of the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord. Surrogate necks of various designs are used to simulate the response of the healthy human neck, and thus to control and prescribe head motion and head impacts in response to torso impact or acceleration and they control the motion of a test head form after impact to the head form. Surrogate necks are used in automotive crash testing and, increasingly, these neck forms are also being used in helmet test standards and test rigs. This is because they allow and control head rotation and rotational acceleration of the head and brain is increasingly studied as it has been established to play a central role in concussion and more serious injuries to the brain. ***These necks are also used in head-first impact scenarios to study devices designed to prevent cervical spine injuries in head first impacts (such as those occurring in head-to-roof impacts in automotive rollovers and in head to ground, player, obstacle etc. during sports such as mountain biking and hockey). The most common surrogate neck used in these contexts is the Hybrid III dummy neck is composed of a rubber column with embedded metal discs and with sections of the rubber removed to allow flexibility in various directions. Specialized automotive dummy necks have been designed for low-speed impacts and motorcycle crash testing, but we are unaware of one designed for head-first impacts or one designed to have omni-directional biofidelic response. Such a device will play a key role in preventing the most serious and catastrophic injuries to the central nervous system (i.e. both SCI and TBI). Therefore, it is our objective to design, build and characterize a three-dimensional mechanical model of the cervical spine that exhibits humanlike kinematics and kinetics, and temporal characteristics. The mechanical spine will reproduce humanlike response in axial impacts, as well as in any combination of axial loading with frontal, transverse and sagittal plane components. We will refer to this neck as the ODN (Omni-Directional-Neck).