Predictors of variable reproductive success in primate individuals, populations and species

当一些个体、一些种群和一些物种比其他物种产生更多的存活后代时，许多因素导致了繁殖成功率的差异。如何解释那些常年生活在混合性别社会群体中的合作动物在竞争中取得成功的差异？我研究生活在多雄性多雌性群体中的新热带灵长类动物，我专注于雌性繁殖成功的预测因素。两性内部和两性之间的相互作用如何影响它们的繁殖、觅食和人口模式？***在过去的32年里，我研究了三种长寿猴子（卷尾猴、吼猴和蜘蛛猴）的生活史，它们生活在哥斯达黎加Área de Conservación瓜纳卡斯特（ACG）的圣罗莎地区。我的研究计划主要集中在卷尾猴上，将继续研究在物种的生态、人口和生物学限制下，两性间和两性内的竞争与合作如何影响繁殖。我们结合使用观察方法和非侵入性技术（例如，粪便和尿液取样），然后进行实验室分析。我们将把卷尾猴的数据与ACG和其他地方发现的其他灵长类物种的数据进行比较，并解决进化生物学家和公众普遍感兴趣的问题，例如：雌性与雌性亲属和常驻群体雄性保持长期关系的成本和收益是什么？为什么有些雌性会一直繁殖到死亡，而另一些会在生命的一半停止生育？激素、基因和行为如何相互作用影响生殖模式？***自1983年以来，我的团队还记录了灵长类动物种群返回ACG恢复森林的情况。这个大型公园是世界遗产，也是一个著名的恢复项目的所在地，该项目旨在恢复热带干燥森林，此前该热带干燥森林曾被几个世纪的农业和伐木活动所破坏。在接下来的5年里，我们将研究栖息地和气候变化如何随时间变化对灵长类动物种群增长的交叉特异性影响。我们32年的人口统计数据和对未来的预测对包括加拿大在内的世界各地的野生动物和保护项目都很重要，这些项目试图预测哺乳动物的长寿将如何应对气候变化。我们维护的生活史数据的协作数据库是他人的宝贵资源，也是纵向研究价值的典范

Many factors contribute to differential reproductive success when some individuals, some populations and some species produce more surviving offspring than do others. What accounts for such variation in the competitive success of animals that cooperate, such as those residing in year-round, mixed-sex social aggregations? I study neotropical primates that live in multi-male, multi-female groups and I concentrate on the predictors of female reproductive success. How do interactions within and between the sexes affect their reproductive, foraging and population patterns?*** For the past 32 years, I have studied the life histories of three species of long-lived monkeys (capuchins, howler and spider monkeys) that inhabit the Santa Rosa sector of the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. Focusing mainly on capuchins, my research program will continue to examine the ways in which both inter- and intra-sexual competition and cooperation operate within the ecological, demographic and biological constraints of the species to affect reproduction. We use a combination of observational methods and non-invasive techniques (e.g., fecal and urine sampling) followed by lab analyses. We will compare our capuchin data to that from other primate species found in ACG and elsewhere and we address questions of general interest to evolutionary biologists and the public alike, such as: what costs and benefits do females experience from maintaining long-term relationships with female kin and with resident group males? Why do some females reproduce until death, whereas others cease to give birth halfway through their lifespan? How do hormones, genes and behavior interact to affect reproductive patterns?*** Since 1983, my team has also documented the return of primate populations to the recovering forests of the ACG. This mega-park is a World Heritage Site and the location of a renowned restoration project to regenerate tropical dry forest previously disturbed by centuries of agricultural and logging activities. In the next 5 years we will investigate how habitat and climate variation over time affect primate population growth cross-specifically. Our 32 years of demographic data and projections into the future are important for wildlife and conservation programs around the world, including Canada, that seek to predict how long-lived mammals will respond to climate change. The collaborative databases of life history data that we maintain are an invaluable resource for others and a model for the value of longitudinal research.**