Multiphase processing for new materials

自19世纪30年代以来，人为排放的二氧化碳每年都在增加。2007年为25亿吨，预计15年内将达到35亿吨。这一产量超过了地球维持其二氧化碳浓度恒定的自然能力的四分之一，并解释了在过去175年中大气中二氧化碳浓度从270 ppm增加到400 ppm（2013年）的原因。在过去的十年里，中国大约每周投产一座500兆瓦的燃煤电厂。电力生产占燃料燃烧排放的三分之一（国际能源署，2011年）。在未来几十年里，这一趋势不应改变，这将增加对创新、高效和经济的二氧化碳捕获的需求。来自美国的Ernie Moniz今天表示，在未来几十年里，煤炭将成为美国能源结构的一部分。工业化国家必须寻求经济解决办法来捕获二氧化碳，因为发展中国家的发展压力太大，除了经济优势之外，它们没有任何理由采用这种方法。****在炼油和石化行业，多年来，二氧化碳捕获已经成为众所周知的技术。然而，这些技术的发展具有内在的局限性。天然气水合物是一类固体，其中气体分子占据由氢键水分子组成的笼子。如果说天然气水合物被视为天然气加工行业的灾难，那么它们很少被视为一种产品，更不用说作为一种烟气处理选择。许多小气体分子可以在低至10巴的压力和0至10摄氏度的温度下形成水合物。在加拿大的环境下，这些温度很容易达到热泵和不热泵。天然气水合物的形成和分解是具有相关转变焓的一级相变，为气体分离提供了创新的机会。****提议的研究计划以多相流体力学为核心，申请人的专业领域在过去6年中在该领域发表了40多篇论文。该计划包括对工业气体混合物中二氧化碳水合物的产生进行深入研究，目的是利用已发表的热力学文献来更好地解释其产生和破坏的潜在传输现象，并利用文献中存在的热力学改性剂。该研究将主要依靠涉及高端间歇和连续混合技术的实验研究，以确定气体成分、过程热力学和加工条件对水合物生成和破坏的影响。在这个项目中，申请人在混合过程方面的经验以及他在多相流体动力学建模方面的知识构成了他工作的自然延伸

Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 have increased every year since the 1830's. With 25 Gt in 2007, it could reach an estimated 35 Gt within 15 years. This production represents an excess of one fourth the Earth's natural capacity to maintain its CO2 concentration constant and explains the increase in its atmospheric concentration from 270 to 400 ppm (2013) over the last 175 years. During the last decade, China commissioned a 500MW coal-fired power plant every week or so. Electricity production accounts for one third of fuel burning emissions (International Energy Agency, 2011). This trend should not be modified over the next decades augmenting the need for innovative, efficient, and economical CO2 capture. Ernie Moniz from USA said today that coal is going to be part of the American's energy mix for many decades. Industrialized countries must look for the development of economical solutions to capture CO2 because the development pressure is so for the developing countries that there will be no reason for them to adopt such processes other than an economical advantage.****In the refining and petrochemical industries, CO2 capture has been a fact for many years with well known and understood technologies. However, these technologies were developed with intrinsic limitations. Gas hydrates are a class of solids in which gas molecules occupy cages made up of hydrogen-bonded water molecules. If gas hydrates are seen as calamities in the natural gas processing industry, they have seldom been seen as a product and even less as a flue gas treatment option. A number of small gas molecules can form hydrates at pressures as low as 10 bars and temperature between 0 and 10oC. In the Canadian context, these temperatures are easily achieved with heat pumping and without. The formation and decomposition of gas hydrates are first order phase transitions with an associated enthalpy of transition, and offer an innovative opportunity for gas separation.****The proposed research program has multiphase hydrodynamics in its core, the domain of expertise of the applicant with over 40 publications in that field over the last 6 years. The proposed program includes in-depth studies on the generation of CO2 hydrates from industrial gases mixtures with the aim of better explaining the underlying transport phenomena using the published thermodynamic literature ruling their production and destruction as well as making use of the thermodynamics modifiers present in the literature. The research will mainly rely on experimental investigations involving high-end batch and continuous mixing technologies to determine the effects of gas composition, the effect of the process thermodynamics and processing conditions on the generation and destruction of the hydrates. In this program, the applicant's experience with mixing processes as well as his knowledge on modeling multiphase hydrodynamics constitutes a natural extension of his work.***