Incidental and Intentional Encoding of Associative Information in Human Memory

建议的研究涉及对项目信息(单个事件的表征)和关联信息(事件之间关系的表征)的记忆。在项目之间形成新的关联是构建和扩展知识结构的一个基本方面。各个项目之间以及项目与其上下文之间的关联在检索存储的信息方面也起着关键作用。因此，新联想的编码和提取是成功记忆功能的一个重要方面。第一种描述了对要记住的项目与其背景图片背景之间的关联的考察(例如，Hockley，2008)。项目-语境关联的有意和附带编码将在相同和不同语境下的项目识别测试中间接检验，并直接在联想识别和联想恢复(配对识别)测试中被检验。在第二系列研究中，我们将评估个体之间的联想记忆。这些研究将包括随机单词对，以及具有分类(例如，小提琴-吉他)和实验前(例如，海鲜)联想的单词对，以评估实验和实验前的熟悉度和单元化程度对联想记忆的影响，并将比较是-否和强制选择的联想识别性能。*所提出的研究由一般的双过程描述指导，其中假设识别决策可以基于对先前经验的特定细节的回忆，或者在没有回忆的情况下基于更广泛的熟悉感(例如，Joordens&Hockley，2000；Vokey&Hockley，2012)。双加工理论在很大程度上被用于项目识别，因为关联识别被认为主要基于回忆(例如，Hockley&Cristi，1999)。然而，最近的研究表明，当关联被单元化时，关联识别也可以基于熟悉度(例如Ahmad&Hockley，2014)。本研究的短期目标是考察熟悉性和回忆性在关联识别中的作用，包括附带编码和有意编码。拟议的研究也适用于记忆和衰老，因为老年人在编码关联信息方面遇到了更大的困难，而且他们在更大程度上依赖于熟悉性(例如，Ahmad，Fernandes和Hockley，2015)。我的长期研究目标是开发一个原则性的、统一的项目和联想信息再认记忆的双加工账户。

The proposed research concerns memory for item information (the representation of individual events) and associative information (the representation of relations between events). Forming new associations between items is a fundamental aspect of building and expanding knowledge structures. Associations between individual items, and between items and their context, also play a critical role in the retrieval of stored information. Therefore, the encoding and retrieval of new associations is an essential aspect of successful memory function.*** Two series of studies are proposed. The first describes examinations of associations between to-be-remembered items and their background picture contexts (e.g., Hockley, 2008). The intentional and incidental encoding of item-context associations will be examined indirectly in tests of item recognition in same versus different contexts, and directly in tests of associative recognition and associative reinstatement (pair recognition). In the second series of studies, associative memory between individual items will be assessed. These studies will include random word pairs, and word pairs with categorical (e.g., violin-guitar), and pre-experimental (e.g., sea-food) associations in order to evaluate the influences of experimental and pre-experimental familiarity and degree of unitization on associative memory, and will compare yes-no and forced-choice associative recognition performance.*** The proposed studies are guided by a general dual-process account in which it is assumed that recognition decisions can be based on the recollection of specific details of a prior experience, or on a more diffuse sense of familiarity in the absence of recollection (e.g., Joordens & Hockley, 2000; Vokey & Hockley, 2012). Dual process theory has largely been assessed for item recognition as associative recognition has been assumed to be principally based on recollection (e.g., Hockley & Cristi, 1999). More recently, however, it has been shown that associative recognition can also be based on familiarity when associations are unitized (e.g., Ahmad & Hockley, 2014). The short-term research goals of the proposed studies are to examine the roles of familiarity and recollection in associative recognition for both the incidental and intentional encoding of relational information. The proposed studies also have applied implications for memory and aging as older adults experience greater difficulty in encoding associative information and they also rely to a greater extent on familiarity (e.g., Ahmad, Fernandes, & Hockley, 2015). My long-term research goal is to develop a principled and unified dual-process account of recognition memory for both item and associative information.**