Delineation of biogenic S and SO2 in the growth of sulfate aerosols by isotope apportionment

天气和气候预测缺乏将纳米级气溶胶(悬浮液体或固体)与降水过程联系起来的基本信息，这将使模型能够更好地预测局部和全球范围的降雨和降雪。天气和气候模型需要包含有关大气的微物理和化学细节，以及影响降水开始的气溶胶特性。这项建议旨在通过确定引发和维持降雨和降雪的气溶胶的特征，弥合我们对控制降水过程的认识上的差距。*硫酸盐气溶胶是这一谜题的关键部分，其来源和在降水形成和云特征中的作用对于理解和改进降雨预报至关重要。气溶胶硫酸盐是导致云形成的气溶胶的主要大气化合物，它影响云的持续时间和亮度。云的这两个性质反过来影响入射太阳辐射的散射，因此是辐射收支和气候的重要组成部分。当然，云也是天气事件和降水的一个重要因素。*导致气溶胶和云形成的排放和过程是基本的：气溶胶吸收水、凝结和生长的能力、影响硫化物寿命的参数以及云和降水特性因气溶胶来源的不同而有很大不同。生物排放在遥远的海洋大气中大量产生的含硫气体减少，被认为是造成偏远环境中硫酸盐气溶胶和云形成的一个主要因素。了解北极云和降水的形成尤为重要：随着海洋变暖和冰盖减少，参与短波和长波辐射反馈的生物气体的海-气交换增加。查明影响云形成、持续性和降水可能性的微观(气溶胶)和宏观(云、海冰)特性之间的联系，对于提高我们预测气候变化和当地极端气象降水的强度和程度的能力至关重要。********

Weather and climate predictions lack fundamental information to link nanoscale aerosols, which are suspended liquids or solids, to precipitation processes that would allow models to better predict rain and snowfall at local and global scales. Models for weather and climate need to incorporate microphysical and chemical details about the atmosphere, and characteristics of aerosols, that influence the initiation of precipitation. This proposal aims to bridge a gap in our knowledge of processes governing precipitation by identifying characteristics of aerosols responsible for initiating and sustaining rain and snowfall.***Aerosol sulfate is a key piece of the puzzle and its source and role in precipitation formation and cloud characteristics are essential to understand and improve rainfall prediction. Aerosol sulfate is the dominant atmospheric compound contributing to aerosols that lead to cloud formation, and it affects how long clouds last and how bright they are. Both of these properties of clouds in turn influence the scattering of incident solar radiation and therefore, are important components in the radiation budget and climate. Of course clouds are also an important factor in weather events and precipitation.***Emissions and processes leading to aerosol and cloud formation are fundamental: the ability of aerosols to absorb water, coagulate and grow, parameters that affect the lifetime of sulfur compounds and cloud and precipitation properties, differs substantially, depending on the source of the aerosol. Reduced sulfur gases produced in large quantity over the remote marine atmosphere from biogenic emissions are considered to be a major factor contributing to sulfate aerosols and cloud formation in remote environments. Cloud and precipitation formation in the Arctic are particularly important to understand: as the ocean warms and ice cover declines, air-sea exchange of biogenic gases that participate in short and longwave radiation feedbacks, increase. Identifying the linkages between micro (aerosols) and macro-scale (clouds, sea ice) properties affecting cloud formation, persistence and the likelihood of precipitation is essential to improving our ability to predict the strength and magnitude of climate variation and local meteorological precipitation extremes. ********