Phosphorus transformation and transport from fertilizers and manures

磷是包括农作物在内的所有生命形式的必需元素，通过施肥来增加土壤磷的供应以确保经济产量。但在施磷当年，农作物对磷肥的利用率很少超过20%。通过控制肥料带的化学成分来提高肥料P的效率将产生农业和环境效益。这是通过减少磷肥和残留土壤磷，从而降低磷流失到地表沃茨的风险。例如，在2013年，温尼伯湖，世界上第十大淡水水体和第三大水电水库，被宣布为“年度受威胁湖泊”，因此，迫切需要更好地了解农业土壤中的磷的动态，以帮助建立有效减少磷从土壤流失到地表沃茨的做法。我的研究项目调查了在添加肥料和粪肥后土壤中磷的运输和转化。在下一个5年周期，我提出了一系列关于肥料和粪肥磷的创新研究，这些研究将解决管理磷的一些农艺和环境挑战。我的长-长期目标是更好地了解土壤磷动态，可用于显着提高肥料磷的效率。我的小组迄今为止进行的研究表明，硫酸盐与磷的共同施用增加了磷的溶解度。我们还发现，硫酸盐影响了模型土壤中磷的形态。因此，我们需要确定和量化的P形成在真实的土壤中的物种，并将这些与增加溶解度的P硫酸盐时，加入到P.我的HQP和我将研究土壤性质和硫酸盐的反应之间的关系，并制定一个硫酸盐反应指数农业土壤。本文将利用化学平衡模型来提供土壤磷吸附和沉淀的机理信息。我们将比较不同畜禽粪便中磷的迁移和溶解度与磷肥的迁移和溶解度。我们所产生的信息将有助于我们努力寻找正确的公式，以提高肥料利用效率的P和粪肥P的管理。例如，如果P的利用效率提高10%，加拿大农民每年可节省6000万美元的磷肥成本。这个为期5年的发现补助金研究周期将支持2名博士和3名硕士学生的培训，他们将获得P化学领域的技能和现代光谱技术的使用。他们将成为政府实验室和部门，学术界和肥料行业的科学家。由于P在不同司法管辖区的重要性日益增加，加拿大需要更多在这方面受过培训的人。**

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life including agricultural crops.The soil supply of P is augmented by fertilizer addition to ensure economic yield. However, the fertilizer use efficiency of P by agricultural crops rarely exceeds 20% in the year of application. Increasing the efficiency of fertilizer P by manipulating the chemistry of the fertilizer band will produce both agronomic and environmental benefits. This is through a reduction in P fertilizer and residual soil P thereby reducing the risk of P loss to surface waters. For example, in 2013, Lake Winnipeg, the 10th largest body of freshwater and 3rd largest reservoir of hydroelectric in the world, was declared as the “Threatened Lake of the Year” by the Global Nature Fund. There is therefore an urgent need to better understand the dynamics of P in agricultural soils to aid the establishment of practices that effectively reduce the loss of P from soils to surface waters. My research program investigates the transport and transformation of P in soil following additions of fertilizers and manures. For the next 5-year cycle, I propose a series of innovative studies on fertilizer and manure P that will address some of the agronomic and environmental challenges of managing P. In the area of agronomy, my long-term objective is to generate a better understanding of soil P dynamics that can be used to significantly increase the efficiency of fertilizer P. Studies that my group has conducted to date have shown that the mobility and solubility of P is increased by the co-application of sulfate salts with P. We have also discovered that the species of P that are formed in model soils was influenced by sulfate salt. We therefore need to identify and quantify the species of P formed in real soils and relate these to increased solubility of P when sulfate salts are added to P. My HQP and I will study the relationship between soil properties and response to sulfate salts and develop a sulfate salt response index for agricultural soils. I will use chemical equilibrium model to provide mechanistic information on P sorption and precipitation in soils. We will compare the movement and solubility of P from different animal manure bands to that of P fertilizer. The information that we generate will aid our efforts at finding the right formula for improving fertilizer use efficiency of P and the management of manure P. If P use efficiency is increased by 10%, for example, there is a saving of $60 million per annum by Canadian farmers in P fertilizer cost. This 5-year cycle of Discovery Grant research will support the training of 2 PhD and 3 MSc students who will gain skills in the area of P chemistry and the use of modern spectroscopic techniques. They will be desirable employees as scientists in government labs and departments, academics, and fertilizer industry. Because of the increasing importance of P across different jurisdictions, Canada needs more people trained in this area.*** **