Analysis and Enhancement of Power Grid Resilience to Geomagnetic Disturbance

电网的弹性，被称为预测、适应和快速恢复破坏性自然事件的能力。在自然事件中，对电网破坏最大的是地磁扰动（GMD），也称为太阳风暴，是由太阳上的爆炸性活动的剧烈爆发引起的。地磁感应电流（GIC）在电网中产生流动，过去的历史证明它具有破坏电网正常运行和造成大范围停电的能力。在1989年3月的轻度GMD事件中，魁北克水电系统崩溃，使600多万客户断电9小时，造成大约3亿美元的损失。此外，这次GMD事件导致加拿大和美国多个电力变压器严重损坏，200多个保护和控制系统报警和误操作。美国国家科学院估计，一场严重的GMD有可能造成12万亿美元的损失（仅在美国），恢复时间为4到10年。如此巨大的后果是所有已知的自然事件中最严重的。******尽管有已知的后果，但GMD的技术基础尚未得到很好的发展。因此，现有的建议和损害预测有时是矛盾的。此外，计算方法是基于一些简化的假设，因此不够准确和可靠。这种不准确可能导致电力公司数百万美元的资本投资和运营成本。本研究计划旨在填补研究空白，提供准确的解决方案技术，开辟广阔的研究视野，技术含量高，提出尚未解决的实际问题。所提出的研究的最终目标是在暴露于gmd时实现当前和下一代电网的高弹性和可靠性。在短期内，研究重点将集中在以下目标上：******1-考虑均匀和非均匀三维地磁场，开发详细的多区多层地球模型，以精确计算感应地电场。******2-开发用于GMD研究的先进变压器模型，因为GMD后果源于由于GIC引起的变压器饱和。因此，GMD研究的准确性在很大程度上取决于所采用的变压器模型。******3-开发基于广域测量系统的交直流耦合实时模拟器，以维持GMD期间电力系统的潮流控制和稳定******4-开发先进的谐波仿真方法，以评估GMD引起的电力系统谐波流的影响，并识别GMD期间的系统和设备风险******5- GMD对可再生能源和微电网的影响评估作为下一代电力的组成部分系统

Resiliency of power grid, is known as the ability to predict, adapt to and quickly recover from disruptive natural events. Among the natural events, the most destructive to power grid is the Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD), also called Solar Storm, caused by the violent outburst of explosive activities on the Sun. The GMD produces the flow of Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) in the power grid and the past history has demonstrated its ability to disrupt power grid's normal operation and cause a widespread blackout. In the mild GMD event of March 1989, the Hydro-Quebec power system collapsed and left more than six million customers without power for nine hours, at an approximate cost of $300 million. In addition, this GMD event resulted in major damage to several power transformers, and over 200 alarming and mal-operations of protection and control systems across Canada and United States. The US National Academies estimates that a severe GMD has the potential to cause $12 trillion damage (only in the US) with a recovery time of four to ten years [1]. Such massive consequences are the most severe among all the known natural events. ******In spite of the known consequences, the GMD technical bases have not been well developed yet. As a result, the existing recommendations and damage predictions are sometimes contradictory. Also, the calculation approaches are based on a number of simplifying assumptions and thus not sufficiently accurate and reliable. Such inaccuracies can result in millions of dollars of capital investment and operational costs for power utilities. This research program aims to address the gaps in the research and provide accurate solution techniques, open a broad research horizon with high technical contents, and raise the practical issues which have not been addressed, yet. The ultimate goal of the proposed research is to achieve high resilience and reliability for the current and next-generation power grid when exposed to GMDs. In the short-term, the research focus will be on the following objectives:******1- Develop a detailed multi-zone multi-layer earth model for an accurate calculation of the induced geoelectric field, taking into account uniform and non-uniform 3D geomagnetic fields. ******2- Develop an advanced transformer model for GMD studies as the GMD consequences originate from the transformer saturation due to GIC. Therefore, the accuracy of the GMD studies highly depends on the employed transformer model. ******3- Developing a coupled AC-DC real-time simulator based on the wide-area measurement system to maintain the power flow control and stability of power system during GMDs******4- Developing an advanced harmonic simulation methodology to assess the impacts of the GMD-caused harmonic flow in power system and identify the system and equipment at risk during GMDs******5- Assessment of the GMD impacts on renewable energy resources and microgrids as the building blocks of the next-generation power system