Turbulent flows encountered in northen wind energy applications

拟议研究计划的中心目标是通过开发与风力涡轮机和风电场空气动力学相关的新知识和创新来巩固加拿大风能行业的发展，同时提供训练有素的合格人员来支持加拿大风能行业的竞争力。具体地说，该研究计划旨在开发先进的预测模型，以更好地了解大气湍流，它在能量提取过程中的作用，以及它与旋翼尾迹的相互作用。此外，这些问题是在北方环境的背景下审议的，在北方环境中，林区、复杂的地形和寒冷气温期间的降水是重要因素。因此，拟议的研究计划侧重于大气流动、风力涡轮机尾迹和与加拿大北欧气候有关的因素，并将涉及7名研究生作为高素质人员(HQP)。*大气流动：因此，拟议的研究计划致力于雷诺平均纳维斯托克斯(RANS)湍流闭合的开发和改进，以及从大涡模拟(LES)方法到混合RAN/LES技术的更详细的方法。后一种方法提供了对流动的更详细的描述和对其湍流结构的更好的洞察，应该被认为是长期的方法。*尾迹：关于尾迹的研究计划的贡献是改进了描述RAN/执行机构盘框架中的大规模相互作用的尾迹预测模型。这可以通过首先研究旋翼与风的小尺度相互作用，即所谓的近尾迹，使用带有旋翼的致动器表面或线表示的大涡来实现。*北欧因素：加拿大的气候和领土构成了特殊的挑战。冷降水可以改变大气湍流的空气动力学特性。了解和评估这种降水对风力机尾迹的影响是很重要的。地形通常以森林覆盖为特征，森林覆盖会耗散能量并改变湍流特性。了解和准确预测尾迹、森林和冷降水对大气湍流的影响对加拿大特别重要。

The central objective of the proposed research program is to consolidate the development of the Canadian wind energy industry by developing new knowledge and innovations related to wind turbine and wind farm aerodynamics, while providing highly trained, qualified personnel to support the competitiveness of the wind energy sector in Canada. Specifically, the research program aims to develop advanced predictive models to gain a better understanding of atmospheric turbulence, its role in the energy extraction process, and its interaction with the rotor wake. In addition, these issues are considered in the context of a northern environment where the effects of forested regions, complex orography and precipitations during cold temperature are important factors. The proposed research program thus focuses on atmospheric flows, wind turbine wakes, and factors related to Canada's Nordic climate and will involve 7 graduate students as highly qualified personel (HQP).***Atmospheric flows: The proposed research program thus works towards the development and refinement of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence closures, as well as more detailed approaches ranging from Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) methods to hybrid RANS/LES techniques. These latter methods provide a much more detailed description of the flow and greater insight into its turbulent structure and should be considered as long-term methodologies.***Wakes: The contributions of the research program on wakes are to improve the wake predictive models describing the large-scale interactions in a RANS/actuator disk framework. This can be achieved by first investigating the small-scale interaction of the rotor and the wind, the so-called near wake, using LES with actuator surface or line representations of the rotor.***Nordic factors: The Canadian climate and territory present special challenges. Cold precipitations can modify the aerodynamic characteristics of the atmospheric turbulent flow. Understanding and evaluating the effects of such precipitations on wind turbine wake are important. Topography is often characterized by forest cover which dissipates energy and modifies turbulent flow properties. Understanding and accurately predicting the effects of wakes, forests, and cold precipitations on atmospheric turbulent flows are of special importance to Canada.**