DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN OMNI-DIRECTIONAL BIOFIDELIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURROGATE NECK FOR HELMET AND AUTOMOTIVE CRASH TESTING

头盔和汽车碰撞试验用全方位仿生三维颈部替代物的设计和构造 * 头部和颈部的损伤会导致灾难性残疾，生活质量受到严重影响，受伤人员、其家属以及发生这些损伤的医疗系统和社会的费用也很高。头部和颈部保护中枢神经系统，大脑和脊髓的最重要的元素。各种设计的替代颈部用于模拟健康人颈部的响应，从而响应于躯干冲击或加速度来控制和规定头部运动和头部冲击，并且它们控制测试头部模型在冲击到头部模型之后的运动。替代颈部用于汽车碰撞测试，并且越来越多地，这些颈部形式也用于头盔测试标准和测试台。这是因为它们允许和控制头部旋转，并且头部和大脑的旋转加速度越来越多地被研究，因为它已经被确定在脑震荡和更严重的大脑损伤中发挥核心作用。* 这些颈部也用于头部先撞场景，以研究旨在防止头部先撞中颈椎损伤的装置（例如在汽车翻车中发生的头部对车顶的撞击以及在山地自行车和曲棍球等运动期间发生的头部对地面、运动员、障碍物等的撞击）。在这些情况下使用的最常见替代股骨颈是Hybrid III假体股骨颈，由橡胶柱和嵌入的金属盘组成，橡胶部分被移除，以允许在各个方向上的灵活性。专门的汽车假人颈部已被设计用于低速冲击和摩托车碰撞测试，但我们不知道一个设计用于头部先碰撞或一个设计有全方位的生物反应。这种设备将在预防对中枢神经系统的最严重和灾难性损伤（即SCI和TBI）方面发挥关键作用。因此，我们的目标是设计，建立和表征颈椎的三维力学模型，表现出人性化的运动学和动力学，以及时间特性。机械脊柱将在轴向冲击以及轴向载荷与额状面、横向面和矢状面组件的任何组合中再现类似人类的反应。我们将把这种颈部称为ODN（全向颈部）。

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN OMNI-DIRECTIONAL BIOFIDELIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURROGATE NECK FOR HELMET AND AUTOMOTIVE CRASH TESTING ******Injuries to the head and neck result in catastrophic disability and the disruptions in quality of life are significant, as are costs to the injured persons, their families and the medical systems and societies in which these injuries happen. The head and neck protect the most important elements of the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord. Surrogate necks of various designs are used to simulate the response of the healthy human neck, and thus to control and prescribe head motion and head impacts in response to torso impact or acceleration and they control the motion of a test head form after impact to the head form. Surrogate necks are used in automotive crash testing and, increasingly, these neck forms are also being used in helmet test standards and test rigs. This is because they allow and control head rotation and rotational acceleration of the head and brain is increasingly studied as it has been established to play a central role in concussion and more serious injuries to the brain. ***These necks are also used in head-first impact scenarios to study devices designed to prevent cervical spine injuries in head first impacts (such as those occurring in head-to-roof impacts in automotive rollovers and in head to ground, player, obstacle etc. during sports such as mountain biking and hockey). The most common surrogate neck used in these contexts is the Hybrid III dummy neck is composed of a rubber column with embedded metal discs and with sections of the rubber removed to allow flexibility in various directions. Specialized automotive dummy necks have been designed for low-speed impacts and motorcycle crash testing, but we are unaware of one designed for head-first impacts or one designed to have omni-directional biofidelic response. Such a device will play a key role in preventing the most serious and catastrophic injuries to the central nervous system (i.e. both SCI and TBI). Therefore, it is our objective to design, build and characterize a three-dimensional mechanical model of the cervical spine that exhibits humanlike kinematics and kinetics, and temporal characteristics. The mechanical spine will reproduce humanlike response in axial impacts, as well as in any combination of axial loading with frontal, transverse and sagittal plane components. We will refer to this neck as the ODN (Omni-Directional-Neck).