Linking Attosecond Science in Gases and Solids

1988年，安妮·L博士的惠利尔观测到了来自电离气体的第一次高次谐波辐射，这标志着极端非线性光学的开始。在接下来的5年里，我介绍了这门新科学的主要特征，包括如何产生和测量世界上最短的脉冲，并描述了如何使用高次谐波产生来探测电子所来自的量子系统。2011年，S·吉米雷博士观测到了第一次来自透明固体的高次谐波辐射。这一观测标志着极端非线性光学新阶段的开始。我的团队与布拉贝克团队合作，在固体中引入了第一个极端非线性光学理论，并通过实验证实了这一理论，开启了大量研究。让固态物理学家和光子学家惊讶的是，固体和气体之间的联系是密切的。正是这种联系使这个发现方案得名。*气体中强电场驱动的非线性的一个独特方面是自探测。为了在技术上捕捉固体中的自我探测，我们申请(并获得)了专利。这项建议集中于自我探测(或成像)，我们强调成像的四个方面，包括：*传感(特别是传感正常工作的电子电路中的电场)，从而拍摄复杂电路的操作。随着高次谐波波长达到10纳米，以及一项可以扩展到阿秒成帧速度的技术，我们拥有现代电子的时间分辨率和空间分辨率。*成像生物材料(多光子显微镜的一种极端形式)。细胞材料是异质的，这种异质性将被编码在谐波谱中。因此，我们有可能以细胞器的空间分辨率对生物材料进行成像，每个像素都包含产生它的材料的详细结构信息。(成像细胞的三维结构或正常工作的电子电路的动力学具有非常重要的技术潜力。)*确定材料的晶格或电子结构，从而时间分辨相变。在高次谐波产生过程中，一个电子离开它的局域环境，被基波的电场拉过邻近的位置。高次谐波发射光谱报告了这一轨迹，打开了一扇窗，通过它我们可以了解固体中的电子和晶格结构。从事自我探测工作的博士和PDF学生将在与国际合作者合作的同时学习超快光学、高真空系统、计算机接口等知识。他们还将获得在大型会议上讲授固体物理这一新兴领域的经验。当他们毕业后，他们将加强和拓宽加拿大在学术界的科学，并帮助将其推向工业和医疗应用。

In 1988 Dr. Anne l'Huillier observed the first high-harmonic radiation from an ionizing gas an observation that marked the beginning of extreme nonlinear optics. During the following 5-years, I introduced the major features of this new science, including how to produce and measure the world's shortest pulses, and I described how high harmonic generation could be used to probe the quantum system from which the electron came. In 2011, Dr. S. Ghimire observed the first high-harmonic radiation from transparent solids. This observation marked the beginning of a new phase of extreme nonlinear optics. My group, in collaboration with the Brabec group, introduce the first theory of extreme nonlinear optics in solids and confirmed it experimentally, opening a flood of research.**** To the surprise of solid-state physicists and photonics scientists, the link between solids and gases is close. It is this link that gives this discovery proposal its name.**** One of the unique aspects of strong electric-field-driven nonlinearities in gases is self-probing. To capture the technologically of self-probing in solids, we applied for (and received) patents. This proposal concentrates on self-probing (or imaging) and we emphasise four aspects of imaging including:**** Sensing (specifically sensing electric fields in functioning electronic circuits) and thereby filming the operation of complex circuits. With high harmonic wavelengths reaching 10s of nanometers and a technology that could be extended to attosecond framing speeds, we have the time resolution and spatial resolution for modern electronics.**** Imaging biological material (an extreme form of multiphoton microscopy). Cellular material is heterogeneous and that heterogeneity will be encoded in the harmonic spectrum. Thus, we have the potential to image biological material with a spatial resolution of organelles and with each pixel containing detailed structural information on the material in which it is generated. (Imaging the 3-D structure of a cell or the dynamics of a functioning electronic circuit has very important technological potential.)**** Determining lattice or electronic-structure of materials and thereby time resolving phase changes. During high-harmonic generation an electron leaves its local environment and is pulled by the electric field of the fundamental beam through neighbouring sites. The high-harmonic emission spectrum reports on this trajectory, opening a window through which we can learn about electronic and lattice structure in solids.**** PhD and pdf students who work on self-probing will learn about ultrafast optics, high vacuum systems, computer interfacing, while working with international collaborators. They will also gain experience lecturing at major conferences about an emerging area of solid state physics. As they graduate, they will strengthen and broaden Canadian atto-science in academia, and help move it towards industrial and medical applications.******