Greenhouse gas emission factors from peat extraction, use and after use

加拿大12%的土地被泥炭地覆盖，含有超过140亿吨碳，使泥炭地成为加拿大最大的生物碳库之一。通过泥炭地土地利用变化直接（如提取泥炭）、转化为其他土地用途（如农业、树木种植、土地开发）或间接（如油砂开发、水电站水库洪水等）损失的二氧化碳。加拿大有一个小型但重要的泥炭提取工业，泥炭主要用于园艺。加拿大估计1.2 x 106平方公里的泥炭地中有300平方公里用于泥炭开采，对加拿大的二氧化碳排放清单（70 x 108吨二氧化碳/年）的影响很小（<2.2 x 106吨二氧化碳/年）。然而，对于这个行业来说，未来通过税收或限额和交易计划产生的潜在二氧化碳成本可能高达1000万美元/年。加拿大泥炭工业一直非常积极地支持研究开发生物恢复泥炭地的技术，我们最近的研究表明，生物恢复导致在恢复后的十年内恢复自然泥炭地C循环。然而，由于缺乏经验观测和泥炭地模型的参数，我们无法告诉业界，在10到30年的泥炭开采期间，温室气体排放量（GHG）是多少，或者在泥炭开采期间和开采后，有多少泥炭以二氧化碳的形式流失回大气中。未来五年，我们的目标是对生产泥炭地、使用中的泥炭地和使用后的泥炭地进行多年温室气体排放测量，以确定排放量的变化率；制定泥炭工业周期的采掘、利用和利用后阶段的温室气体排放系数；以及参数化模型来模拟泥炭提取导致的泥炭地排放的净变化。这项工作将使该行业能够描述其温室气体足迹，并与负责报告国家清单的省级和联邦机构相关。下游排放在2015年《联合国气候变化框架公约》巴黎协议后的讨论中变得越来越重要，在未来的温室气体报告中也越来越重要，成为未来认证计划的一部分。

Twelve percent of Canada is covered with peatlands and containing well over 140 Gt C, making peatlands one of Canada's largest biological carbon pools. The loss of C as CO2 ts through peatland land-use change either directly (e.g. peat extraction), conversion to other land uses (e.g. agricultural, tree plantations, land development) or indirectly (e.g. oil sand development, flooding for hydroelectric reservoirs, etc.). Canada has a small, but important extraction peat industry where the peat is primarily used in horticulture. 300 km2 of Canada's estimated 1.2 x 106 km2 of peatlands have been used for peat extraction, having a tiny effect (<2.2 x 106 t CO2 yr-1) on Canada's CO2 emission inventory (> 7 x 108 t CO2 yr-1). However, for this industry potential future CO2 costs through taxes or cap and trade schemes could be up to $10,000,000/yr. The Canadian peat industry has been very proactive in supporting research on developing techniques for the biological restoration peatlands, and our recent research has shown that biological restoration leads to the return of the natural peatland C cycle within a decade of restoration. However, we cannot tell the industry, due to a lack empirical observations and parameters for our peatland models, what the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are during the 10 to 30-year peat extraction period, or how much of the extracted peat is lost back to the atmosphere as CO2 during and after the peat is used. Our objectives over the next five years are to conduct multi-year GHG emission measurements on production peatlands and on peat in use and after use to determine the rate changes in emissions; to develop GHG emission factors (EFs) for the extractive, in use, and after-use stages of the peat industry cycle; and parameterized models to simulate the net change in emissions for peatlands that result from peat extraction. This work will enable the industry to delineate its GHG footprint and it is relevant to provincial and federal agencies responsible for reporting national inventories. Downstream emissions are becoming more important in post UNFCC Paris Accord 2015 discussions and to the future GHG reporting as part of future certification schemes.