Incorporating pollution inhalation and energy expenditure into network analysis for active transportation

加拿大的许多城市都有计划和政策来增加积极的交通（步行和骑自行车），这是由于预期的环境，公共卫生和宜居性效益。虽然行人和骑自行车的人从增加体力活动中受益，但吸入空气污染也增加了风险。人们认识到，不同的出行方式在能源消耗和污染吸入方面存在差异，但知识差距阻碍了对现行出行方式之间的差异和交通网络特征的影响进行评估。因此，现行的主动交通规划和设计准则缺乏关于如何减轻污染风险的定量信息。 该研究计划的长期目标是制定战略指导和工具，以规划，设计和管理加拿大的城市交通系统，支持社区和经济活力，同时最大限度地减少广泛的资源成本。该提案中的五年研究计划旨在实现这一长期目标，其总体目标是实现更全面的主动交通网络规划和设计。我们的三个短期研究目标是：1）调查城市活跃旅行者的身体特征和偏好; 2）量化交通网络对能量消耗和污染吸入的影响，包括旅行速度和呼吸频率的变化; 3）开发和应用多标准路线和网络分析工具，将污染吸入和能量消耗与其他旅行成本相结合（时间、碰撞风险、噪音、舒适度等）。这将是第一个研究考虑动态的能量消耗和呼吸率沿着的路线和速度的选择，积极的旅行者。 交通工程师和规划者将能够利用这项研究的结果，在项目开发和选择过程中明确包括污染吸入等因素。这一信息对于我们的长期交通目标至关重要，既可以促进加拿大城市中步行和骑自行车的增加，也可以安全地适应这些增加。我们将贡献关于城市主动旅行者的新知识，并确定设计舒适，安全和健康的主动旅行路线的策略。广泛传播研究结果也将使积极旅行者能够作出更明智的旅行选择。

Many cities in Canada have programs and policies to increase active transportation (walking and bicycling), justified by expected environmental, public health and livability benefits. Although pedestrians and bicyclists benefit from an increase in physical activity, there are also added risks from air pollution inhalation. Differences in energy expenditure and pollution inhalation among travel modes are recognized, but knowledge gaps impede assessment of differences within active travel modes and the effects of transportation network characteristics. Consequently, current planning and design guidelines for active transportation lack quantitative information about how to mitigate pollution risks. The long-term objective of this research program is to develop strategic guidance and tools to plan, design, and manage urban transportation systems in Canada that support community and economic vitality while minimizing a broad range of resource costs. The five-year research plan in the proposal builds towards this long-term objective with a general goal of enabling more comprehensive planning and design of active transportation networks. Our three short-term research objectives are to 1) investigate the physical characteristics and preferences of urban active travellers, 2) quantify effects of the transportation network on energy expenditure and pollution inhalation, including variations in travel speed and breathing rate, and 3) develop and apply multi-criteria route and network analysis tools that integrate pollution inhalation and energy expenditure with other travel costs (time, crash risk, noise, comfort, etc.). This will be the first research to consider the dynamics of energy expenditure and breathing rate along with the route and speed choices of active travellers. Transportation engineers and planners will be able to use the outcomes of this research to explicitly include pollution inhalation among other factors during project development and selection. This information is crucial to our long-range transportation goals, both to promote and to safely accommodate increased walking and bicycling in Canadian cities. We will contribute new knowledge about urban active travellers, and identify strategies for designing active travel routes that are comfortable, safe, and healthy. Broad dissemination of research results will also enable active travellers to make more informed travel choices.