DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN OMNI-DIRECTIONAL BIOFIDELIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURROGATE NECK FOR HELMET AND AUTOMOTIVE CRASH TESTING

用于头盔和汽车碰撞试验的全方位BIOFIDELIC三维代颈的设计与制造 头部和颈部的受伤会导致灾难性的残疾，严重影响生活质量，伤者及其家人以及发生这些伤害的医疗系统和社会的费用也是如此。头部和颈部保护着中枢神经系统、大脑和脊髓中最重要的部分。各种设计的代理颈部被用来模拟健康人颈部的响应，从而控制和规定响应于躯干冲击或加速度的头部运动和头部撞击，并且它们控制在撞击头部形态之后测试头部形态的运动。代颈被用于汽车碰撞测试，越来越多地，这些颈部形式也被用于头盔测试标准和测试台。这是因为它们允许和控制头部旋转和头部和大脑的旋转加速，因为它已经被确定在脑震荡和更严重的大脑损伤中发挥核心作用。 这些颈部也用于头部碰撞场景，以研究旨在防止头部碰撞(如汽车翻车中的头对顶碰撞以及山地自行车和曲棍球等运动中的头对地、运动员、障碍物等)中的颈椎损伤的装置。在这些环境中使用的最常见的代理颈部是混合III假颈，它由橡胶柱组成，带有嵌入的金属圆盘，并去除了橡胶的部分，以允许在不同方向上的灵活性。专门的汽车假脖子已经设计用于低速碰撞和摩托车碰撞测试，但我们还没有听说过一种专为头部优先碰撞设计的，或者一种设计为具有全方位生物逼真反应的。这种装置将在预防对中枢神经系统最严重和灾难性的损伤(即脊髓损伤和脑外伤)方面发挥关键作用。因此，我们的目标是设计、建立和表征一个颈椎的三维力学模型，该模型具有类似人类的运动学和动力学以及时间特性。机械脊柱将在轴向撞击以及在轴向载荷与额面、横面和矢状面组件的任何组合中重现人类的反应。我们将此颈部称为ODN(全向颈部)。

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN OMNI-DIRECTIONAL BIOFIDELIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURROGATE NECK FOR HELMET AND AUTOMOTIVE CRASH TESTING Injuries to the head and neck result in catastrophic disability and the disruptions in quality of life are significant, as are costs to the injured persons, their families and the medical systems and societies in which these injuries happen. The head and neck protect the most important elements of the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord. Surrogate necks of various designs are used to simulate the response of the healthy human neck, and thus to control and prescribe head motion and head impacts in response to torso impact or acceleration and they control the motion of a test head form after impact to the head form. Surrogate necks are used in automotive crash testing and, increasingly, these neck forms are also being used in helmet test standards and test rigs. This is because they allow and control head rotation and rotational acceleration of the head and brain is increasingly studied as it has been established to play a central role in concussion and more serious injuries to the brain. These necks are also used in head-first impact scenarios to study devices designed to prevent cervical spine injuries in head first impacts (such as those occurring in head-to-roof impacts in automotive rollovers and in head to ground, player, obstacle etc. during sports such as mountain biking and hockey). The most common surrogate neck used in these contexts is the Hybrid III dummy neck is composed of a rubber column with embedded metal discs and with sections of the rubber removed to allow flexibility in various directions. Specialized automotive dummy necks have been designed for low-speed impacts and motorcycle crash testing, but we are unaware of one designed for head-first impacts or one designed to have omni-directional biofidelic response. Such a device will play a key role in preventing the most serious and catastrophic injuries to the central nervous system (i.e. both SCI and TBI). Therefore, it is our objective to design, build and characterize a three-dimensional mechanical model of the cervical spine that exhibits humanlike kinematics and kinetics, and temporal characteristics. The mechanical spine will reproduce humanlike response in axial impacts, as well as in any combination of axial loading with frontal, transverse and sagittal plane components. We will refer to this neck as the ODN (Omni-Directional-Neck).