Integrated EMI-GPR surveys can support precision agriculture by monitoring and evaluating the effects of land uses and agricultural management

土壤的物理性质，即土壤水文，在不同的景观中各不相同，并随着土地利用的变化和不同的农业做法而改变。精准农业已成为提高农业生产率和维持农业可持续发展的关键。探地雷达（GPR）和电磁感应（EMI）方法可以用来评估土壤性质的时空变异性，将直接或间接影响土壤水文。为了实现这一目标，土壤的表观电导率（ECa）和雷达波速度（RWv）将通过集成EMI？探地雷达 然而，使用传统方法估计土壤性质是昂贵的，劳动密集型的，耗时的，并且仅提供点信息，这阻碍了任何快速响应管理活动。一个潜在的方式来获取信息，在现场规模是通过非侵入性的映射容易记录和再现的物理变量，如ECa使用EMI和RWv使用GPR与相关的土壤性质。应用综合电磁干扰-探地雷达方法估计土壤性质的时空变异性在北方生态系统中是独一无二的，将有助于发展新的科学知识，促进土地和水资源的可持续管理。在本研究中，结合多线圈和多频率EMI传感器集成到使用不同频率的GPR将与基本土壤属性。拟议的研究将解决关键的研究差距，了解不同的土地利用和农艺措施的影响，以支持精准农业。开发的协议和指南进行ECa调查使用组合EMI传感器集成与GPR将有助于监测不同景观的土壤属性的空间变异迅速。因此，正确的土壤，水和养分管理决策，可以支持精准农业。本研究的目的是：（a）将ECa数据分配给稳定的土壤相对稳定的土壤性质，并利用实测数据建立回归模型：（B）通过时移EMI获得可变的土壤参数，以揭示水文过程，如持水能力、斥水性和入渗能力;（c）结合探地雷达测量结果和地面实况数据，评估两种不同电磁干扰传感器及其探测深度在预测近地表土壤性质方面的准确性;及（d）根据a-c的结果，评估不同土地用途及农艺措施对土壤性质的影响。综合EMI-GPR-土壤样本信息将为不同的管理方案和概念建立基线。长期目标是制作关键物理和水力特性的高分辨率地图，以评估不同土地利用和农艺做法对土壤水文的影响，从而对精准农业产生影响。

Soil physical properties, thus soil hydrology, varies across the landscape and is altered following land use changes and different agricultural practices. Precision agriculture has become the key to increase the productivity and maintaining the sustainability of agriculture. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods can be used to assess the spatiotemporal variability of soil properties that will directly or indirectly effect on soil hydrology. For achieving this, soil's apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and radar wave velocity (RWv) will be used through integrated EMI?GPR. However, estimating soil properties using traditional methods is expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming and provides point information only, which hinder any rapid response management activities. A potential way to acquire information at field-scale is by noninvasive mapping of easily recordable and reproducible physical variables such as ECa using the EMI and RWv using the GPR that correlate with relevant soil properties. The application of the integrated EMI-GPR methods for estimating the spatiotemporal variability soil properties are unique in boreal ecosystems and will aid in the development of new scientific knowledge for sustainable management of land and water resources. In this research, combined multi-coil and multi-frequency EMI sensors integrated with GPR using different frequencies will be correlated with fundamental soil properties. The proposed research will address key research gaps regarding the understanding of the effects of different land uses and agronomic practices for supporting precision agriculture. Development of protocols and guidelines for conducting ECa surveys using combined EMI sensors integrated with GPR will help to monitor the spatial variability of soil properties across different landscapes rapidly. Thus, correct soil, water and nutrient management decisions can be decided in supporting precision agriculture. Objectives of the research are to: (a) allocate ECa data to stable soil relatively stable soil properties and generate regression models using measured data; (b) obtain variable soil parameters to reveal hydrological processes such as water holding capacity, water repellency and infiltration capacity by means of time-lapse EMI; (c) evaluate the accuracy of two different EMI sensors and their exploration depths for predicting near-surface soil properties by integrating with GPR measurements and ground truth data; and (d) assess the effects of different land use and agronomic practices on soil properties based on the results from a-c. The integrated EMI-GPR-soil sample information will build the baseline for different management scenarios and concepts. The long-term goal is to generate high-resolution maps of key physical and hydraulic properties in order to assess the effects of different land uses and agronomic practices on soil hydrology, and thus on precision agriculture.