Advancing the understanding of fundamental principles of motor control.

拟议的理论驱动的研究计划建立在我们之前NSERC拨款任期内的早期成就(见Feldman 2015，书)：(1)起源于初级运动皮质(M1)的皮质脊髓(CS)系统以前馈方式设置和重置开始招募适当肌肉的身体部分的阈值(参照)位置(Raptis等人)。2010年；Ilmane等人。2013年；张等人。2017)；(2)CS通路介导的阈值位置控制是预期行动的基础(Turpin等人)。2016年；张等人。(3)该理论已被推广并验证用于人类的伸展、跳跃、行走和猴子的头部运动(Feldman 2015)；(4)该理论是否被进一步扩展以考虑更高的大脑功能？M1神经元定向调谐的起源(Feldman，特邀回顾，附后)和感知，并解释了幻肢现象和视觉空间恒定(Feldman 2016)。该计划的长期目标是进一步促进对控制运动动作的基本原理的理解。第一个具体目标是检验这样一个假设，即通过改变肌肉激活的空间阈值，神经系统将平衡和稳定性从一个地方转移到另一个地方。通过这样做，系统可以诱导单步并以期望的速度连续运动。响应于瞬时扰动，系统可能被迫暂时降低参考身体位置中的移动率，使得整个步态模式将在时间上移位，这一现象被称为长期(永久的)相位重置。我们将测试前庭、皮质脊髓和/或视觉系统是否负责这种相位重置，从而参与步态速度的控制。测试将分别通过应用经颅磁刺激(TMS)、前庭电流刺激(GVS)或视觉干扰进行。第二个具体目标是测试同侧CS束在单手和双手运动中对空间阈值的控制作用，这将有助于推动该理论超越目前的点，从而满足长期目标。该程序的独特之处在于，与电机控制的替代计算理论相比，它代表了经验(非计算性)门槛位置控制理论的进一步发展和测试的前沿研究，希望它们之间的争议最终将得到解决。这一多学科的计划将有益于HQP的培训，因为它大大有助于理解生物运动是如何控制的。这个程序的应用方面也可以是重要的，我们的团队已经通过精心设计一种用于识别中风后痉挛的设备(专利)和通过使用参照控制的生理学原理来改善机器人的类人运动(例如Bicchi等人)而展示了这一点。2002年)。

The proposed theory-driven research program is built on our earlier achievements under the tenure of previous NSERC grants (see Feldman 2015, book): (1) The corticospinal (CS) system originating from the primary motor cortex (M1) sets and resets, in a feedforward way, the threshold (referent) position of body segments at which appropriate muscles begin to be recruited (Raptis et al. 2010; Ilmane et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2017); (2) Threshold position control mediated by CS pathways underlies anticipatory actions (Turpin et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2017); (3) The theory has been generalized and validated for reaching, jumping, walking in humans and head motion in monkeys (Feldman 2015); (4) It was further extended to consider higher brain functions ? the origin of directional tuning of M1 neurons (Feldman, invited review, appended) and perception, with explanations of the phantom limb phenomenon and visual space constancy (Feldman 2016). The long-term objective of the program is to further advance understanding of basic principles underlying the control of motor actions. The first specific objective is to test the hypothesis that by shifting spatial thresholds for muscle activation, the nervous system transfers balance and stability from one place to another. By doing so, the system can elicit a single step and continuous locomotion at a desired speed. In response to a transient perturbation, the system may be forced to temporarily decrease the rate of shifts in the referent body location such that the whole gait pattern will be shifted in time, a phenomenon called long-lasting ("permanent") phase resetting. We will test whether vestibular, corticospinal and/or visual systems are responsible for such phase resetting and thus involved in the control of gait speed. Testing will be done by applying Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS), Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) or visual perturbations, respectively. The second specific objective is to test the role of the ipsilateral CS tract in the control of spatial thresholds during uni- and bi-manual movements, which will help advance the theory beyond its present point, thus meeting the long-term objective. The uniqueness of this program is that it represents cutting-edge research in the further development and testing of the empirical (non-computational) threshold position control theory in comparison to the alternative, computational theory of motor control in the hope that the controversy between them will eventually be resolved. This multidisciplinary program will benefit the training of HQP by substantially contributing to the understanding of how biological movements are controlled. The applied aspect of this program can also be significant as has been demonstrated by our team by elaborating a device for identification of post-stroke spasticity (patented) and by the use of the physiological principles of referent control in improving human-like motions of robots (e.g. Bicchi et al. 2002).