Parent-Child Cardiac Convergence During Distress: Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Mechanisms of Early Childhood Regulatory Processes

负面情绪调节是一个人从痛苦事件中平静下来的能力。理解包含负面情绪调节的发展过程是很重要的，因为它可以预测以后生活中许多不同的健康结果。例如，大约75%的严重心理健康障碍与调节情绪的挑战有关。第二年的生活是一个重要的年龄来研究发展途径的负面影响调节，因为这是第一年的婴儿有可靠的策略，以调节从痛苦。因为生命的第二年可能是调节策略的可塑性特别高的时候，这个研究计划将特别有助于理解发展机制，然后为那些表现出早期挑战的儿童创造预防性干预措施，这些儿童能够从高度痛苦的情况中平静下来。目前的研究计划继续研究12-24个月大的幼儿如何在高度痛苦的事件-疫苗注射后平静下来。最初的研究计划（Discovery Grant 2015-2020）成功地跟踪了12个月、18个月和24个月大的400多个独特的疫苗接种预约。该项目检查了在接种疫苗预约期间和一年中对疼痛和高度痛苦刺激（针）的行为和心脏模式。在全面描述了负面影响的调节模式，无论是在行为上还是在生理上，研究的更新计划都在努力向前迈进。我们提出的项目研究了一个关键因素，影响孩子的负面影响调节模式在这个敏感时期的发展。这项更新补助金旨在调查父母与子女的生理协调的影响（即父母和子女从高度痛苦中调节的模式有多相似）。从本质上讲，我们感兴趣的是研究亲子协调，在他们如何反应和调节从一个高度痛苦的背景下直接痛苦的刺激，确定是否亲子协调预测幼儿的负面影响调节纵向;最后，检验协调对幼儿负性情绪调节的潜在影响机制是否是父母的评价（即幼儿有多痛苦）和由此产生的行为（即安抚行为）。我们断言这个研究计划将是非常有影响力的，因为它标志着第一次在文献中，协调已被研究在自然的背景下，已被纵向研究，并已被研究，以辨别的机制，协调实际上影响幼儿的负面影响调节。

Negative affect regulation is one's ability to calm down from distressing events. Understanding the developmental processes subsuming negative affect regulation is important because it predicts many different health outcomes later in life. For example, about 75% of serious mental health disorders relate to challenges with regulating emotions. The second year of life is an important age to study in the developmental pathway of negative affect regulation because this is the first year infants have reliable strategies to regulate from distress. Because the second year of life may be when malleability of regulatory strategies is especially high, this program of research will be especially informative to understanding developmental mechanisms and then creating preventative interventions for children who show early challenges with being able to calm down from highly distressing situations. The current program of research continues a program of research examining how 12-24 month old toddlers calm down after a highly distressing event- vaccination needle. The original program of research (Discovery Grant 2015-2020) successfully followed healthy toddlers through over 400 unique vaccination appointments at 12-, 18-, and 24-months of age. This project examined both behavioural and cardiac patterns in response to a painful and highly distressing stimulus (needle) both within the vaccination appointment and over the course of the year. Having comprehensively described negative affect regulatory patterns, both behaviourally and physiologically,  the renewal program of research strives to take the next leap forward. Our proposed project examines a key factor impacting how a child's negative affect regulation patterns develop during this sensitive period. This renewal grant sets out to investigate the impact of parent-child physiological attunement (i.e. how similar a parent's and child's pattern of regulating from high distress are). In essence, we are interested in studying parent-child attunement in how they react to and regulate from a highly distressing context directly after a painful stimulus; determining whether parent-child attunement predicts toddler negative affect regulation longitudinally; and finally, examining if the mechanisms underlying attunement's impact on toddler negative affect regulation are parent appraisals (i.e. how distressed the toddler is) and their resultant behaviours (i.e. soothing behaviours). We assert this program of research will be highly influential as it marks the first time in the literature, attunement has been studied in a natural context, has been studied longitudinally, and has been studied to discern the mechanisms by which attunement actually impacts toddler negative affect regulation.