Green remediation and recovery of contaminants using biosurfactants

由于修复的目的是恢复环境，因此对污染的修复或处理应尽可能具有可持续性。现有一些场地修复的指导方针，以减少修复过程的环境足迹。必须考虑环境、社会和经济这三个方面。可持续发展的核心要素包括空气排放最小化、利益相关者参与、高效和经济的清洁、能源使用最小化、改善人类环境、减少对土地和生态系统的影响、材料和废物以及水的影响最小化以及利益相关者的参与。泵和处理方法的潜在解决方案可能涉及使用生物表面活性剂等生物基产品代替石油基产品。Mulligan（2014）表明，可生物降解的无毒产品，称为生物表面活性剂(如。（鼠李糖脂和槐油脂）可从废物中生产，可用于土壤冲洗或洗涤金属和有机污染物，或用于加强有机污染物的生物降解。生物表面活性剂具有低毒性、可生物降解性、无限适用性和相对低生产成本的可持续修复和临界胶束浓度（CMC）、高效增强生物降解和对金属的亲和力等优点，在土壤和水体污染修复中具有广阔的应用前景。研究表明，为了有效地应用生物表面活性剂，应根据污染物的特征和性质、处理能力、成本、监管要求和时间限制来选择它们。此外，了解生物表面活性剂与污染物之间相互作用的机制有助于选择适当的生物表面活性剂进行可持续修复。因此，研究的目标将是开发和应用生物表面活性剂进行修复，作为一种可能在整个生命周期内更可持续的选择。第一步是通过原位生产生物表面活性剂。大多数研究都涉及鼠李糖脂。其他生物表面活性剂和工艺规模需要进一步研究。下一步是补救过程本身。将确定指标，以衡量补救措施的可持续性。尽量减少能源、水的使用和温室气体的排放将是要使用的一些指标。将优化修复过程中材料的回收利用。例如，这包括通过胶束增强超滤从废水中回收生物表面活性剂、纳米材料、有机和金属污染物。修复后的土壤质量将进行评估，以确保减少毒性和过程的可持续性。这项研究将导致对受污染的土壤、沉积物和废物进行更可持续的补救过程，并培训具有重要特征的高素质人员。

As the goal of remediation is restoration of the environment, the remediation or treatment of the contamination should be as sustainable as possible. Some guidelines for site remediation exist to reduce the environmental footprint of the remediation process. All three aspects of environmental, social and economic must be considered. The core elements for sustainability include air emission minimization, stakeholder involvement, efficient and economic cleanup, and minimization of energy use, enhancing the human environment, reduction of land and ecosystem impacts, minimization of materials and wastes and water impact and inclusion of stakeholders. A potential solution for the pump and treatment method could involve the use of biobased products such as biological surfactants instead of petroleum-based ones. Mulligan (2014) has shown that biodegradable, non-toxic products called biosurfactants (eg., rhamnolipids and sophorolipids) can be produced from waste materials and can be employed for soil flushing or washing for metal and organic contaminants or for enhanced biodegradation of organic pollutants. Biosurfactant applications for remediation of contaminated soil and water are promising due to their low toxicity biodegradability, unlimited applicability and relative low production cost for sustainable remediation and critical micelle concentration (CMC) and high effectiveness in enhancing biodegradation and affinity for metals. Studies showed that for effective application of biosurfactants, they should be selected based on pollutant characteristics and properties, treatment capacity, costs, regulatory requirements, and time constraints. Moreover, understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between biosurfactants and contaminants can assist in selection of the appropriate biosurfactants for sustainable remediation. Therefore, the objectives of the research will be the development and application of biosurfactants for remediation as a potentially more sustainable option over the entire life will be can be achieved . The first step is through in situ production of biosurfactants. Most research has involved rhamnolipids. Other biosurfactants and process scale-up need further investigation. The next step is the remediation process itself. Indicators will be identified for measurement of the sustainability of the remediation. Minimization of energy, water use and greenhouse emissions will be some of the indicators to be used. Recycling of materials from the remediation process will be optimized. This includes for example recovery of biosurfactants, nanomaterials, organic and metal contaminants from the water effluents by Micelle Enhanced Ultrafiltration. Soil quality will be evaluated after remediation to ensure reduction in toxicity and process sustainability. The research will lead to a more sustainable remediation process for contaminated soils, sediments and wastes and training of highly qualified personnel with significant attributes.