Treatment of Industrial Wastewater

淡水污染是最受关注的环境问题之一。通常，污染的主要来源是有机物和营养物。然而，化学品，如药物，激素和个人护理产品（PPCPs）正在进入接收沃茨。这种污染的主要来源是工业和城市废水处理厂的废水。大多数传统的处理厂不能有效地去除PPCP。这些推定的污染物，进入环境中的废水处理厂的流出物，被称为“新兴关注的污染物”或简称为“新兴污染物”（EC）。药物如对乙酰氨基酚、杂芳族化合物如苯并噻唑和农用化学品如卤代苯甲腈在商业和工业产品中具有广泛的应用，并且已经在工业和家庭废水中与其他有机污染物如偶氮染料一起沿着检测到，并且还已经在土壤、地下水和自来水中检测到。常用的废水处理技术无法有效地去除这些有毒化合物，而应用一些先进的处理技术可能会通过在处理过程中形成更有毒的副产品来加剧这一问题。尽管其中一些污染物与癌症有关，或显示出干扰内分泌的特性，但它们对人类和生态系统健康的长期影响在很大程度上是未知的。 因此，在工业和家庭废水处理过程中去除这些化学物质非常重要。这项研究旨在使用酶处理有效去除这些顽固化合物，通过酶处理将这些化合物转化为不溶或水溶性较低的低聚物。然后通过沉降将不溶性低聚物从溶液中分离出来，有或没有其他单元操作，例如助于沉降的凝聚/絮凝。我们的目标是评估不同参数对这些EC在合成和真实的废水（工业和家庭）中的酶处理效率的影响。研究其对减排效率影响的关键参数是pH值、酶和过氧化物浓度以及反应时间。此外，通过识别处理副产物-无论是在溶液中，以及在沉淀物中，评估其可能的毒性，我们将提出一个可能的降解途径，这些化学品。将通过评估转化产物和流出物的生态毒性来确定处理后废水的生物相容性。这项研究将扩大我们对广泛存在的生物难降解污染物（如EC）的命运和影响的了解，并有助于开发更可行和有前途的有害污染物处理技术，长期目标是开发全面的成本效益处理系统。

Contamination of fresh water is one of the most concerning environmental issues. Normally, the main sources of pollution have been organic matter and nutrients. However, chemicals like pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal care products (PPCPs) are finding their way into the receiving waters. The main sources of this pollution have been industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents. Most conventional treatment plants cannot remove PPCPs efficiently. These putative contaminants, entering the environment as wastewater treatment plant effluents, are known as "contaminants of emerging concern" or simply "emerging contaminants" (ECs). Pharmaceuticals such as acetaminophen, heteroaromatics such as benzothiazoles, and agrochemicals such as halogenated benzonitriles have wide application in commercial and industrial products and have been detected in industrial and domestic wastewater along with other organic contaminants such as azo-dyes, and have also been detected in soil, groundwater, and tap water. Commonly used wastewater treatment techniques are unable to effectively remove these toxic compounds and applying some of the advanced treatment technologies can exasperate the issue through the formation of more toxic byproducts during treatment. Although some of these contaminants have been linked to cancer or have shown endocrine-disrupting properties, their long-term effects on human and ecosystem health are largely unknown. Removal of these chemicals during industrial and domestic wastewater treatment, therefore, is of great importance. This research aims to effectively remove these recalcitrant compounds using enzymatic treatment, by which the compounds are converted to insoluble or less water-soluble oligomers. The insoluble oligomers are then separated from the solution by settling, with or without other unit operations such as coagulation/flocculation assisting in settling. Our goal is to assess the effect of different parameters on enzymatic treatment efficiency of these ECs in synthetic and real wastewater, both industrial and domestic. The key parameters to be investigated for their effects on abatement efficiency are pH, enzyme and peroxide concentrations, and the reaction time. Also, by identifying the treatment byproducts - both in solution as well as in the precipitates, evaluating its possible toxicity, we will propose a possible degradation pathway for these chemicals. Biocompatibility of treated wastewater will be determined by assessing the ecotoxicity of transformation products, and effluents. This research will broaden our knowledge on the fate and impact of widespread bio-refractory contaminants such as ECs and help in developing more viable and promising techniques for the treatment of hazardous pollutants, with the long-term goal is of developing full-scale cost-effective treatment systems.