Analysis and Enhancement of Power Grid Resilience to Geomagnetic Disturbance

电网的弹性，被称为预测，适应和快速恢复破坏性自然事件的能力。在自然事件中，对电网破坏最大的是地磁扰动（Geomagnetic Disturbance，GMD），又称太阳风暴，它是由太阳剧烈爆发的爆炸活动引起的。GMD在电网中产生地磁感应电流（GIC），过去的历史已经证明其能够破坏电网的正常运行并导致大范围停电。在1989年3月的轻度GMD事件中，魁北克水电电力系统崩溃，造成600多万用户停电9小时，损失约3亿美元。此外，这次GMD事件还导致多个电力变压器严重受损，加拿大和美国各地的保护和控制系统发生了200多起报警和误操作。美国国家科学院估计，严重的GMD有可能造成12万亿美元的损失（仅在美国），恢复时间为4到10年[1]。这种巨大的后果是所有已知的自然事件中最严重的。尽管已知的后果，GMD的技术基础还没有得到很好的发展。因此，现有的建议和损害预测有时相互矛盾。此外，计算方法是基于一些简化的假设，因此不够准确和可靠。这种不准确性可能导致电力公司数百万美元的资本投资和运营成本。本研究计划旨在填补研究中的空白，并提供准确的解决方法，开辟具有高技术含量的广阔研究视野，并提出尚未解决的实际问题。拟议研究的最终目标是在暴露于GMD时为当前和下一代电网实现高弹性和可靠性。短期内，研究重点将放在以下目标上：1-建立详细的多区多层地球模型，以便准确计算感应地电场，同时考虑到均匀和不均匀的三维地磁场。2-由于GMD后果源于GIC导致的Transformer饱和，因此开发用于GMD研究的高级Transformer模型。因此，GMD研究的准确性在很大程度上取决于所采用的Transformer模型。3-开发基于广域测量系统的交直流耦合实时仿真器，以维持GMDs 4期间电力系统的潮流控制和稳定性-开发先进的谐波仿真方法，以评估GMDs 5期间GMDs引起的电力系统谐波潮流的影响，并识别存在风险的系统和设备-评估GMD对作为下一代电力系统组成部分的可再生能源和微电网的影响

Resiliency of power grid, is known as the ability to predict, adapt to and quickly recover from disruptive natural events. Among the natural events, the most destructive to power grid is the Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD), also called Solar Storm, caused by the violent outburst of explosive activities on the Sun. The GMD produces the flow of Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) in the power grid and the past history has demonstrated its ability to disrupt power grid's normal operation and cause a widespread blackout. In the mild GMD event of March 1989, the Hydro-Quebec power system collapsed and left more than six million customers without power for nine hours, at an approximate cost of $300 million. In addition, this GMD event resulted in major damage to several power transformers, and over 200 alarming and mal-operations of protection and control systems across Canada and United States. The US National Academies estimates that a severe GMD has the potential to cause $12 trillion damage (only in the US) with a recovery time of four to ten years [1]. Such massive consequences are the most severe among all the known natural events. In spite of the known consequences, the GMD technical bases have not been well developed yet. As a result, the existing recommendations and damage predictions are sometimes contradictory. Also, the calculation approaches are based on a number of simplifying assumptions and thus not sufficiently accurate and reliable. Such inaccuracies can result in millions of dollars of capital investment and operational costs for power utilities. This research program aims to address the gaps in the research and provide accurate solution techniques, open a broad research horizon with high technical contents, and raise the practical issues which have not been addressed, yet. The ultimate goal of the proposed research is to achieve high resilience and reliability for the current and next-generation power grid when exposed to GMDs. In the short-term, the research focus will be on the following objectives:1- Develop a detailed multi-zone multi-layer earth model for an accurate calculation of the induced geoelectric field, taking into account uniform and non-uniform 3D geomagnetic fields. 2- Develop an advanced transformer model for GMD studies as the GMD consequences originate from the transformer saturation due to GIC. Therefore, the accuracy of the GMD studies highly depends on the employed transformer model. 3- Developing a coupled AC-DC real-time simulator based on the wide-area measurement system to maintain the power flow control and stability of power system during GMDs4- Developing an advanced harmonic simulation methodology to assess the impacts of the GMD-caused harmonic flow in power system and identify the system and equipment at risk during GMDs5- Assessment of the GMD impacts on renewable energy resources and microgrids as the building blocks of the next-generation power system