Integrated EMI-GPR surveys can support precision agriculture by monitoring and evaluating the effects of land uses and agricultural management

土壤的物理性质，即土壤水文学，在不同的景观中是不同的，并随着土地利用的变化和不同的农业实践而改变。精准农业已成为提高农业生产率、保持农业可持续发展的关键。探地雷达(GPR)和电磁感应(EMI)方法可以用来评估土壤性质的时空变异性，这些变化将直接或间接地影响土壤水文。为了实现这一点，土壤的表观电导率(ECA)和雷达波速度(RWV)将通过综合EMI-GPR来实现。然而，用传统方法估算土壤性质成本高、劳动强度大、耗时长，而且只能提供点状信息，这阻碍了任何快速响应管理活动。获取田间尺度信息的一种可能方式是利用与相关土壤性质相关的探地雷达对易记录和可重现的物理变量进行非侵入性测绘，例如使用EMI和RWV。应用综合的EMI-GPR方法估计土壤的时空变异性在北方生态系统中是独一无二的，将有助于开发土地和水资源可持续管理的新科学知识。在这项研究中，多线圈和多频率组合电磁干扰传感器与不同频率的探地雷达相结合，将与土壤基本性质相关联。拟议的研究将填补在理解不同土地利用和农艺措施对支持精准农业的影响方面的关键研究空白。制定使用与探地雷达相结合的电磁干扰传感器进行非洲经委会调查的方案和准则，将有助于迅速监测不同地貌土壤性质的空间变异性。因此，在支持精准农业时，可以做出正确的土壤、水和养分管理决策。这项研究的目标是：(A)将ECA数据分配给稳定的土壤相对稳定的土壤性质，并利用测量数据生成回归模型；(B)通过延时电磁干扰获得不同的土壤参数，以揭示诸如持水能力、排水性和入渗能力等水文过程；(C)通过结合探地雷达测量和地面实况数据，评估两种不同电磁干扰传感器预测近地表土壤性质的精度及其探测深度；以及(D)基于a-c的结果，评估不同土地利用和农艺措施对土壤性质的影响。综合的EMI-GPR-土壤样本信息将为不同的管理方案和概念建立基线。长期目标是制作关键物理和水力特性的高分辨率地图，以评估不同土地利用和农艺措施对土壤水文的影响，从而对精准农业的影响。

Soil physical properties, thus soil hydrology, varies across the landscape and is altered following land use changes and different agricultural practices. Precision agriculture has become the key to increase the productivity and maintaining the sustainability of agriculture. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods can be used to assess the spatiotemporal variability of soil properties that will directly or indirectly effect on soil hydrology. For achieving this, soil's apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and radar wave velocity (RWv) will be used through integrated EMI?GPR. However, estimating soil properties using traditional methods is expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming and provides point information only, which hinder any rapid response management activities. A potential way to acquire information at field-scale is by noninvasive mapping of easily recordable and reproducible physical variables such as ECa using the EMI and RWv using the GPR that correlate with relevant soil properties. The application of the integrated EMI-GPR methods for estimating the spatiotemporal variability soil properties are unique in boreal ecosystems and will aid in the development of new scientific knowledge for sustainable management of land and water resources. In this research, combined multi-coil and multi-frequency EMI sensors integrated with GPR using different frequencies will be correlated with fundamental soil properties. The proposed research will address key research gaps regarding the understanding of the effects of different land uses and agronomic practices for supporting precision agriculture. Development of protocols and guidelines for conducting ECa surveys using combined EMI sensors integrated with GPR will help to monitor the spatial variability of soil properties across different landscapes rapidly. Thus, correct soil, water and nutrient management decisions can be decided in supporting precision agriculture. Objectives of the research are to: (a) allocate ECa data to stable soil relatively stable soil properties and generate regression models using measured data; (b) obtain variable soil parameters to reveal hydrological processes such as water holding capacity, water repellency and infiltration capacity by means of time-lapse EMI; (c) evaluate the accuracy of two different EMI sensors and their exploration depths for predicting near-surface soil properties by integrating with GPR measurements and ground truth data; and (d) assess the effects of different land use and agronomic practices on soil properties based on the results from a-c. The integrated EMI-GPR-soil sample information will build the baseline for different management scenarios and concepts. The long-term goal is to generate high-resolution maps of key physical and hydraulic properties in order to assess the effects of different land uses and agronomic practices on soil hydrology, and thus on precision agriculture.