Field deployable instrumentation for spatiotemporal quantification of greenhouse gas emissions

加拿大和各省政府目前正在确定如何实现2021年6月29日设定的2050年全国温室气体净零排放目标，以及更紧迫、同样雄心勃勃的2030年目标。这些目标对于我们为避免气候崩溃带来的最灾难性后果而作出的全球承诺至关重要。农业已被确定为帮助实现排放目标的关键行业。农业绝对是一项重要的服务，但随着其他部门的减排，农业在全国排放中所占的比例相当大（8.2%），而且还在不断增加。在农业不断增长的排放中，38%可归因于土壤管理和氧化亚氮，另有14%归因于粪肥管理。理想情况下，生产商将立即采用最有可能将这些温室气体排放降至最低的有益管理实践（BMPs）。考虑到bmp通常需要额外的成本，如果没有政府的大量激励措施，或者没有明确的证据表明它们在日益破坏性的气候背景下提高了作物产量或盈利能力，它们不太可能被采用。在这个紧迫的时刻，关键的挑战是通过直接、准确地衡量bmp所取得的效益，对特定作物和区域进行量化。各省政府目前正在通过一系列提供激励、示范和/或推广的项目，迅速扩大bmp的采用。迫切需要通过量化温室气体排放来确定最有效的管理措施，以评估其缓解潜力和与各种现有替代办法以及目前正在开发的新做法和技术相关的适应协同效益。这些需要适合加拿大的生产多样性，并根据广泛的气候和土壤条件进行准确评估，这些条件是排放和恢复力的关键媒介。不列颠哥伦比亚省是开展这项工作的理想地点，因为这里有200多种商品，其中许多是高价值的，这里的土壤是全国最多样化的，而且我们是主要技术创新的发源地。此外，卑诗省生产者已经面临极端气候异常，导致土壤水分供应前所未有的波动（例如冬季/春季的洪水，生长季节的干旱），从而影响温室气体排放。因此，现在比以往任何时候都更重要的是制定先进的战略，考虑温室气体排放与降雨、排水和灌溉的关系。我们的团队正在申请资金，以支持和大幅增加团队的能力，以满足对bmp和创新农产品和技术的农场试验的现场量化的迫切和不断扩大的需求。我们的目标是：1。满足对确定减少农业排放途径的日益增长的需求；解开复杂的生物物理关系，调解二氧化碳，甲烷和一氧化二氮的通量。

The Canadian and provincial governments are currently determining how they will achieve a national net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions target by 2050 set on June 29, 2021, and more urgently, equally ambitious 2030 targets. These targets are essential to our global commitments required to avoid the most catastrophic outcomes of climate breakdown. Agriculture has been identified as a key industry for helping meet emissions targets. Agriculture is absolutely an essential service but contributes a sizable (8.2%) and growing proportion of national emissions as other sectors reduce their emissions. Of agriculture's growing emissions, 38% can be attributed to soil management and nitrous oxides and another 14% to manure management. Ideally, producers would immediately adopt beneficial management practices (BMPs) that are most likely to minimize these GHG emissions. Given BMPs typically require additional costs, they are not likely to be adopted without sizable government incentives or clear demonstration that they improve crop yield or profitability in the context of an increasingly disruptive climate. The critical challenge at this time of urgency is the crop and region-specific quantification, through direct, accurate measurement, of the benefits achieved by BMPs. Provincial governments are currently in the process of rapidly scaling up the adoption of BMPs through a suite of programs that provide incentives, demonstration and/or outreach. There is a pressing need to identify the most effective BMPs by quantifying GHG emissions to evaluate their mitigation potential and associated adaptation co-benefits for a variety of existing alternatives and new practices and technologies currently under development. These need to be appropriate for Canada's diversity of production and evaluated accurately for a wide range of climate and soil conditions, which are key mediators of emissions and resilience. BC is an ideal location for this work as there are over 200 commodities, many of them high value, the soils are the most diverse in the country, and we are the home of major technology innovation. Furthermore, BC producers are already facing extreme climate anomalies leading to unprecedented fluctuations in soil water availability (e.g. flooding in winter/spring, drought during the growing season) which impacts GHG emissions. Therefore, it is now more important than ever to develop advanced strategies that consider the relationship of GHG emissions to rainfall, drainage, and irrigation. Our team is requesting funding to support and substantially increase the team's capacity to meet the immediate and expanding need for in-situ quantification for on-farm trials of BMPs and innovative agricultural products and technologies. Our objectives are to: 1. Meet the increasing demand for identifying pathways to reduce agricultural emissions and 2. Disentangle the complex biophysical relationships that mediate carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes.