Next-generation ultralow-noise mechanical sensors defined and controlled by light

机械技术在社会中无处不在，从计时设备中的振荡器到汽车和手机中的加速度计和电子滤波器。它们也代表了基础科学和应用科学不可或缺的工具：使用微小的机械系统，可以在原子尺度上“触摸”表面，用单质子分辨率检测化学质量变化，从纳米尺度的原子核簇中感知元素特定的磁性“牵引”（甚至可以创建3d地图）。在光力学领域，我们已经学会了利用光所施加的力来获得对这些系统在所有尺寸尺度上的前所未有的控制水平，从而为下一代传感器带来全新的功能，包括那些量子力学定律发挥核心作用的传感器。我们的研究目标是实现以独特的方式重新配置和控制光的超低噪声微机械传感器。为此，我们制造了精致的“微型蹦床”，展示了力灵敏度和光学性能的世界纪录组合，这样，平均只有一个光子的辐射力-自然界允许的最小数量的光-将对它们的机械轨迹产生深远的影响。在这里，我们建议利用这一突破来展示强大的单光子控制，进入量子运动状态，并产生量子“压缩”光，用于增强干涉仪（例如用于探测引力波的干涉仪）。此外，通过部分悬浮相关机械元件，我们将进一步提高它们的灵敏度，基本上用光（一种低噪音的柔性材料替代品）取代它们的主要机械支撑。最后，我们将追求一种质量上的新系统，在该系统中，光可以强烈地控制振荡质量的空间分布：通过光学扰动周期性结构（“声子晶体”），我们可以在原位平滑地调整振荡质量的空间范围，从厘米尺度到微米尺度——这是目前闻所未闻的控制水平。此外，由于集体增强效应，更大的器件预计对给定数量的光（尽管其质量更大）表现出更大的响应，从而在芯片级器件中实现对单光子光水平的真正宏观响应。除了创造新型的可重构机械传感技术外，这些互补的努力还建立在宏观尺度上量子运动的基础研究，各种“量子比特”（“量子位”）技术和光之间的量子信息的机械转导（例如，用于长距离量子安全通信），以及泽普顿牛顿力的检测（相当于相隔100公里的两个面包之间的引力）。

Mechanical technologies are everywhere in society, from oscillators in timekeeping devices to accelerometers and electronic filters in automobiles and cell phones. They also represent an indispensable tool for fundamental and applied science: using tiny mechanical systems, it is possible to "feel around" surfaces at the atomic scale, detect chemical mass changes with single-proton resolution, and sense element-specific magnetic "tugs" from nanoscale clusters of nuclei (even creating a 3d map). In the field of optomechanics, we have learned to exploit the forces exerted by light to gain an unprecedented level of control over these systems at all size scales, leading to entirely new functionalities for next-generation sensors, including those in which the laws of quantum mechanics play a central role. Our research aims to realise ultralow-noise micromechanical sensors that are reconfigured and controlled by light in unique ways. To this end, we fabricate delicate "micro-trampolines" exhibiting a world-record combination of force sensitivity and optical performance, such that the radiation force from an average of just one photon -- the smallest quantity of light allowed by nature -- will exert a profound influence over their mechanical trajectories. Here we propose to capitalise upon this breakthrough to demonstrate strong single-photon control, access quantum states of motion, and generate quantum "squeezed" light useful for enhancing interferometers (such as those used to detect gravitational waves). Additionally, by partially levitating related mechanical elements, we will even further enhance their sensitivities by essentially replacing their primary mechanical supports with light (a low-noise alternative to flexible materials). Finally, we will pursue a qualitatively new system in which light strongly controls the spatial distribution of oscillating mass: by optically perturbing a periodic structure ("phononic crystal"), we can smoothly tune the spatial extent of oscillating mass from the centimetre scale to the micron scale in situ -- a level of control that is currently unheard of. Furthermore, due to a collective enhancement effect, a larger device is predicted to exhibit a larger response to a given quantity of light (despite its larger mass) enabling a truly macroscopic response to single-photon light levels in a chip-scale device. In addition to creating new types of reconfigurable mechanical sensing technologies, these complementary efforts build toward fundamental studies of quantum motion at the macro scale, mechanical transduction of quantum information between a variety of "quantum bit" ("qubit") technologies and light (e.g., for long-distance quantum-secured communication), and the detection of zeptonewton forces (equivalent to the gravitational pull between two loaves of bread separated by 100 km).