The development of social and cognitive skills in songbirds

动物认知的研究已经非常成功地描述了不同分类群的各种信息处理能力。现在的一个关键需要是了解这些离散的认知能力如何在个体内部和个体之间整合，以发展适应性行为。我们在研究褐头牛鹂（Molothrus ater）的认知和社会能力时提出了这样的整合。我们将汇集我实验室两个主要研究领域的见解：(1)雌性牛郎鸟用来选择寄生巢穴的认知能力，(2)对导致繁殖成功的社会技能的研究。虽然我们传统上将这两个研究领域分开，但新的研究结果表明，它们实际上是相互关联的，并为解决问题、社会学习和生殖成功提供了新的见解。我们发现，在寻找巢穴时，雌性表现出非凡的能力，可以评估巢穴中寄主卵的特征，从而为其寄生决策提供信息。我们还发现，雌性在选择最可行巢穴的能力上存在很大的个体差异。雌性在选择巢穴时也依赖于社会信息，但这种对社会信息的依赖也是因人而异的，在评估巢穴时最准确的个体是最不可能受到其他个体影响的个体。综上所述，这些结果揭示了认知和社会行为是相互联系的，表明认知技能可能在组织社会群体中发挥重要作用，并最终与社会技能有关，而社会技能是生殖成功不可或缺的一部分。提出的实验旨在了解认知在影响群体水平过程中的作用，此外，社会互动如何反过来改变认知能力的发展。我们将研究圈养牛仔的一系列认知技能，以了解不同认知能力的模块化和连通性。我们将创建不同认知能力的鸟类群体，以研究从这种“文化”中产生的群体层面的过程。然后，我们将研究幼鸟的认知和社交技能的发展。最后，我们将把雏鸟暴露在不同的认知文化中，以检验认知技能是否会被社会经验所改变。综上所述，这些实验将检验认知技能对生活在不同社会背景下的个体的作用。我们将研究技能如何在任务和环境中推广，它们如何与他人的技能整合以影响羊群中的整体社会网络，群体如何影响生殖成功，以及年轻人如何受到不同认知文化的影响。这项工作将为心理技能的机制和功能以及社会环境在这些技能的磨练中所起的作用提供新的见解。

The study of animal cognition has been very successful in characterizing a wide variety of information processing abilities across diverse taxa. One critical need now is to understand how these discrete cognitive abilities integrate within and across individuals to develop adaptive behaviour. We propose such an integration in studying the cognitive and social abilities of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). We will be bringing together insights from two of the main research areas in my lab: (1) the cognitive abilities female cowbirds use to select nests for parasitism, and (2) the examination of social skills that lead to reproductive success. While we have traditionally kept these two areas of research separate, new results are revealing that they are in fact related to each other and provide new insights for problem-solving, social learning, and reproductive success. We have found that when prospecting for nests, females display a remarkable ability to evaluate the characteristics of the host's eggs in nests to inform their parasitism decisions. We have also found there is substantial individual variation among females in their ability to select the most viable nest. Females also depend on social information when selecting a nest but this dependence on social information is also individually variable, with individuals most accurate at assessing nests being the ones least likely to be influenced by others. Taken together, these results have revealed that cognition and social behaviour are linked, suggesting that cognitive skills may play an important role in organizing social groups and ultimately relating to the social skills so integral to reproductive success. The proposed experiments seek to understand the role cognition plays in affecting group-level processes and, in addition, how social interactions in turn can modify the development of cognitive abilities. We will be examining an array of cognitive skills of captive cowbirds to understand the modularity and connectivity of different cognitive abilities. We will create groups of birds that vary in their cognitive abilities to examine what group-level processes emerge from such `cultures'. We will then examine the development of cognitive and social skills in young birds. Finally, we will expose young birds to different cognitive cultures to examine whether cognitive skills can be modified by social experiences. Taken together, these experiments will examine how cognitive skills function for individuals living in different social contexts. We will examine how skills generalize across tasks and contexts, how they integrate with the skills of others to influence the overall social network within flocks, how groups affect reproductive success, and how young individuals can be influenced by different cognitive cultures. This work will provide new insights into the mechanisms and function of mental skills and the role the social environment plays in honing these skills.