The pre-history of urban scaling.
The pre-history of urban scaling.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0087902
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Bettencourt LM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ortman SG;Cabaniss AH;Sturm JO;Bettencourt LM
城市日益成为全世界人类社会的基本社会经济单位，但我们仍然缺乏一个统一的城市化特征，以捕捉城市在时间和空间上实现的社会进程。这对于理解城市在人类文明史中的作用以及确定古代城市的研究是否与当代科学和政策相关尤其重要。作为朝着这个方向迈出的一步，我们开发了一个理论，解决考古规模，从社会和基础设施网络之间的相互作用的考虑，得出人口和定居面积之间的关系。然后，我们测试这些模型从墨西哥的前西班牙盆地的定居数据显示，这个古老的定居系统显示类似于在现代城市中观察到的空间尺度特性。我们的数据来自超过1，500个定居点，这些定居点占据了两千多年，跨越了四个主要的文化时期，其特点是不同的农业生产力水平，政治集中和市场发展。我们发现，在协议的理论，总的解决面积增加与人口规模，平均而言，根据一个规模不变的关系，指数的范围内。因此，我们能够从聚落组织的考古测量中推断出古代社会的总体社会经济属性。我们的研究结果，从一个独立于旧世界的城市定居点系统的演变，表明定居点组织的原则是非常普遍的，可能适用于整个人类历史。
Cities are increasingly the fundamental socio-economic units of human societies worldwide, but we still lack a unified characterization of urbanization that captures the social processes realized by cities across time and space. This is especially important for understanding the role of cities in the history of human civilization and for determining whether studies of ancient cities are relevant for contemporary science and policy. As a step in this direction, we develop a theory of settlement scaling in archaeology, deriving the relationship between population and settled area from a consideration of the interplay between social and infrastructural networks. We then test these models on settlement data from the Pre-Hispanic Basin of Mexico to show that this ancient settlement system displays spatial scaling properties analogous to those observed in modern cities. Our data derive from over 1,500 settlements occupied over two millennia and spanning four major cultural periods characterized by different levels of agricultural productivity, political centralization and market development. We show that, in agreement with theory, total settlement area increases with population size, on average, according to a scale invariant relation with an exponent in the range . As a consequence, we are able to infer aggregate socio-economic properties of ancient societies from archaeological measures of settlement organization. Our findings, from an urban settlement system that evolved independently from its old-world counterparts, suggest that principles of settlement organization are very general and may apply to the entire range of human history.
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影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Bettencourt LM;Lobo J;Strumsky D;West GB
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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