Adaptive Balance in Posterior Cerebellum.
Adaptive Balance in Posterior Cerebellum.
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DOI：
10.3389/fneur.2021.635259
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Pettorossi VE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barmack NH;Pettorossi VE
前庭和视动空间在小脑的小叶 IX-X（悬雍垂、结节）和半球小叶 X（绒球）中以三维形式表示。额小叶 IX-X 使用椭圆囊耳石和两个垂直半规管编码重力和头部运动。半球小叶 X 使用关于半规管三个轴的光动反馈来编码自我运动。该电路的前庭和视觉适应需要在自诱发运动扰动期间保持平衡。前庭和视动（自我运动检测）刺激由小脑攀爬和苔藓纤维编码。这两条传入通路直接刺激浦肯野细胞放电。攀爬纤维通过刺激星状细胞抑制性中间神经元优先减少浦肯野细胞的放电。我们描述了行为水平上的适应性平衡实例，其中长时间的前庭或视动刺激会引起反射性眼球运动，当最初引起它们的刺激停止时，这种运动会持续存在。对长时间光动刺激的适应也可以在细胞和亚细胞水平上检测到。神经肽促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子 (CRF) 的转录和表达受到视动诱发的橄榄放电的影响，可能有助于视动适应。长期光动刺激引起的絮状浦肯野细胞中微小RNA的转录和表达可能提供了调节GABAA受体膜插入的亚细胞机制之一。神经类固醇、雌二醇 (E2) 和二氢睾酮 (DHT) 影响前庭核神经元对电诱导增强和抑制的适应。在本综述的每一节中，我们讨论 X 小叶、下橄榄核和前庭核的前庭和视动子系统的适应性变化如何有助于平衡的控制。
Vestibular and optokinetic space is represented in three-dimensions in vermal lobules IX-X (uvula, nodulus) and hemisphere lobule X (flocculus) of the cerebellum. Vermal lobules IX-X encodes gravity and head movement using the utricular otolith and the two vertical semicircular canals. Hemispheric lobule X encodes self-motion using optokinetic feedback about the three axes of the semicircular canals. Vestibular and visual adaptation of this circuitry is needed to maintain balance during perturbations of self-induced motion. Vestibular and optokinetic (self-motion detection) stimulation is encoded by cerebellar climbing and mossy fibers. These two afferent pathways excite the discharge of Purkinje cells directly. Climbing fibers preferentially decrease the discharge of Purkinje cells by exciting stellate cell inhibitory interneurons. We describe instances adaptive balance at a behavioral level in which prolonged vestibular or optokinetic stimulation evokes reflexive eye movements that persist when the stimulation that initially evoked them stops. Adaptation to prolonged optokinetic stimulation also can be detected at cellular and subcellular levels. The transcription and expression of a neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), is influenced by optokinetically-evoked olivary discharge and may contribute to optokinetic adaptation. The transcription and expression of microRNAs in floccular Purkinje cells evoked by long-term optokinetic stimulation may provide one of the subcellular mechanisms by which the membrane insertion of the GABAA receptors is regulated. The neurosteroids, estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), influence adaptation of vestibular nuclear neurons to electrically-induced potentiation and depression. In each section of this review, we discuss how adaptive changes in the vestibular and optokinetic subsystems of lobule X, inferior olivary nuclei and vestibular nuclei may contribute to the control of balance.
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影响因子：
2.5
作者：
BARMACK, NH;BAUGHMAN, RW;SHOJAKU, H
通讯作者：
SHOJAKU, H
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
BARMACK, NH;HESS, DT
通讯作者：
HESS, DT
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Barmack, NH;Shojaku, H
通讯作者：
Shojaku, H
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Barmack, NH;Errico, P;Yakhnitsa, V
通讯作者：
Yakhnitsa, V
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5.5
作者：
ARMSTRONG, DM;EDGLEY, SA
通讯作者：
EDGLEY, SA