The unity and diversity of executive functions: A systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies.
The unity and diversity of executive functions: A systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies.
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DOI：
10.1037/bul0000160
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发表时间：
2018-11
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
Garcia-Barrera MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Karr JE;Areshenkoff CN;Rast P;Hofer SM;Iverson GL;Garcia-Barrera MA
自首次用于识别抑制、更新和转移的三因素模型以来，验证性因素分析（CFA）已频繁应用于执行功能测量;然而，随后的CFA支持整个生命周期的不一致模型，从一维到嵌套因素模型（即，无抑制的双因子）。本系统性综述总结了执行功能基于绩效的测试的CFA，并重新分析了汇总数据，以确定最佳拟合模型。合格的CFA涉及46份样本（N= 9，756）。最常接受的模型因年龄而异（即，学前=一/二因素;学龄=三因素;青少年/成人= 3/嵌套因素;老年人= 2/3因素），最常包括更新/工作记忆、抑制和转换因素。Bootstrap再分析模拟了来自21个相关矩阵（11个儿童/青少年; 10个成人）的5,000个样本，这些样本来自包括三个最常见因素的研究，拟合了七个竞争模型。模型结果总结为平均接受百分比（即，模型收敛并满足拟合阈值的平均速率：CFI ≥.90/RMSEA ≤.08）和选择的平均百分比（即，一个模型显示出优于其他模型的上级拟合的平均比率：ΔCFI ≥.005/.010/ΔRMSEA ≤−.010/−.015）。在所有样本中，没有模型一致收敛并符合拟合标准。在成人样本中，嵌套因子最常被接受（41-42%）和选择（8-30%）。在儿童/青少年样本中，一维模型最常被接受（32-36%）和选择（21-53%），一些支持双因素模型，没有差异化的变化因素。结果显示，一些证据更大的单维度的儿童/青少年样本和成人样本之间的统一性和多样性的执行功能。然而，模型接受率/选择率低表明可能偏向于发布拟合良好但可能不可复制的样本功效不足的模型。
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been frequently applied to executive function measurement since first used to identify a three-factor model of inhibition, updating, and shifting; however, subsequent CFAs have supported inconsistent models across the lifespan, ranging from unidimensional to nested-factor models (i.e., bifactor without inhibition). This systematic review summarized CFAs on performance-based tests of executive functions and reanalyzed summary data to identify best-fitting models. Eligible CFAs involved 46 samples (N=9,756). The most frequently accepted models varied by age (i.e., preschool=one/two-factor; school-age=three-factor; adolescent/adult=three/nested-factor; older adult=two/three-factor), and most often included updating/working memory, inhibition, and shifting factors. A bootstrap re-analysis simulated 5,000 samples from 21 correlation matrices (11 child/adolescent; 10 adult) from studies including the three most common factors, fitting seven competing models. Model results were summarized as the mean percent accepted (i.e., average rate at which models converged and met fit thresholds: CFI ≥.90/RMSEA ≤.08) and mean percent selected (i.e., average rate at which a model showed superior fit to other models: ΔCFI ≥.005/.010/ΔRMSEA ≤−.010/−.015). No model consistently converged and met fit criteria in all samples. Among adult samples, the nested-factor was accepted (41–42%) and selected (8–30%) most often. Among child/adolescent samples, the unidimensional model was accepted (32–36%) and selected (21–53%) most often, with some support for two-factor models without a differentiated shifting factor. Results show some evidence for greater unidimensionality of executive function among child/adolescent samples and both unity and diversity among adult samples. However, low rates of model acceptance/selection suggest possible bias towards the publication of well-fitting, but potentially non-replicable models with underpowered samples.
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