Alcohol and the Brain-Gut Axis: The Involvement of Microglia and Enteric Glia in the Process of Neuro-Enteric Inflammation.
Alcohol and the Brain-Gut Axis: The Involvement of Microglia and Enteric Glia in the Process of Neuro-Enteric Inflammation.
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酗酒或长期饮酒会导致神经炎症，并导致酒精使用障碍（AUD）。AUD不仅影响中枢神经系统（CNS），而且还导致外周和肠神经系统（ENS）的病理。因此，了解免疫信号传导机制以靶向信号传导途径中的效应分子对于缓解AUD是必要的。越来越多的证据表明，过量饮酒会激活包括小胶质细胞在内的神经免疫细胞，并改变神经递质的状态，影响神经免疫系统。与外周巨噬细胞一样，小胶质细胞是免疫防御的组成部分，代表CNS中的网状内皮系统。小胶质细胞不断地观察中枢神经系统以清除神经元碎片。这些细胞还通过修复神经回路来保护大脑和脊髓中的实质细胞，以保持神经系统健康，免受感染和压力源性因子的侵害。在激活状态下，它们变得高度动态和移动的，并且可以调节CNS中神经递质的水平。在几个方面，小胶质细胞、肠神经胶质细胞和巨噬细胞在引起炎症方面是相似的。小胶质细胞还表达巨噬细胞中组成性存在的大多数受体。小胶质细胞上的几种受体响应于炎症信号，所述炎症信号由炎症相关分子模式（DAMP）、病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）、内毒素（例如，脂多糖），和引起应激的分子（例如，酒精）。因此，这篇综述文章提出了最新的研究结果，分别描述了小胶质细胞和肠胶质细胞在大脑和肠道中的作用，以及它们与神经递质、神经营养因子和受体在酗酒和慢性酒精使用以及AUD影响下的关系。
Binge or chronic alcohol consumption causes neuroinflammation and leads to alcohol use disorder (AUD). AUD not only affects the central nervous system (CNS) but also leads to pathologies in the peripheral and enteric nervous systems (ENS). Thus, understanding the mechanism of the immune signaling to target the effector molecules in the signaling pathway is necessary to alleviate AUD. Growing evidence shows that excessive alcohol consumption can activate neuroimmune cells, including microglia, and change the status of neurotransmitters, affecting the neuroimmune system. Microglia, like peripheral macrophages, are an integral part of the immune defense and represent the reticuloendothelial system in the CNS. Microglia constantly survey the CNS to scavenge the neuronal debris. These cells also protect parenchymal cells in the brain and spinal cord by repairing nerve circuits to keep the nervous system healthy against infectious and stress-derived agents. In an activated state, they become highly dynamic and mobile and can modulate the levels of neurotransmitters in the CNS. In several ways, microglia, enteric glial cells, and macrophages are similar in terms of causing inflammation. Microglia also express most of the receptors that are constitutively present in macrophages. Several receptors on microglia respond to the inflammatory signals that arise from danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), endotoxins (e.g., lipopolysaccharides), and stress-causing molecules (e.g., alcohol). Therefore, this review article presents the latest findings, describing the roles of microglia and enteric glial cells in the brain and gut, respectively, and their association with neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and receptors under the influence of binge and chronic alcohol use, and AUD.
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影响因子：
5.6
作者：
Hardesty JE;Warner JB;Song YL;Rouchka EC;McClain CJ;Warner DR;Kirpich IA
通讯作者：
Kirpich IA
影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Bonaz B;Bazin T;Pellissier S
通讯作者：
Pellissier S
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
Brito, Elsa;Gomes, Emma;Serralheiro, Maria Luisa M.
通讯作者：
Serralheiro, Maria Luisa M.
乙醇差异调节BV2小胶质细胞中的P2X4和P2X7受体活性和功能。
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Asatryan L;Ostrovskaya O;Lieu D;Davies DL
通讯作者：
Davies DL
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Wilms, Nicolas;Seitz, Nicki-Nils;Schwarzkopf, Larissa;Olderbak, Sally;Kraus, Ludwig
通讯作者：
Kraus, Ludwig