How does the tobacco industry attempt to influence marketing regulations? A systematic review.
How does the tobacco industry attempt to influence marketing regulations? A systematic review.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0087389
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Fooks G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Savell E;Gilmore AB;Fooks G
《烟草控制框架公约》提出了一些旨在限制烟草产品销售的建议。烟草行业的政治活动已被确定为缔约方制定和执行这些规定的障碍。本研究系统地回顾了现有的关于烟草行业努力影响营销法规的文献，并发展了1)行业战略和策略以及2)行业框架和论点的分类。搜索是在2011年4月至7月期间进行的，并于2013年3月更新。如果条款提及烟草行业影响销售法规的努力；有可核实的证据支持主张；用英文书写；涉及1990-2013年期间，则列入这些条款。48篇文章符合审查标准。采用叙事综合的方法对证据进行组合。56%的文章集中在北美、欧洲或澳大拉西亚的活动，其余的集中在亚洲(17%)、南美、非洲或跨国活动。确定了六个主要政治战略和四个主要框架。烟草行业经常声称，拟议的政策将产生负面的意想不到的后果，监管存在法律障碍，而且监管是不必要的，因为例如，行业不向年轻人推销产品或遵守自愿行为守则。该行业主要通过直接和间接游说、促进自愿准则和替代政策以及与其他工业部门结成联盟来传达这些论点。大多数策略和论点都是在多个司法管辖区使用的。烟草行业的政治活动远比现有的企业政治活动分类所显示的更加多样化。策略和论点在不同的司法管辖区重复，这表明本文中开发的行业策略和论点的分类可以推广到多个司法管辖区，并可用于预测行业活动。
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control makes a number of recommendations aimed at restricting the marketing of tobacco products. Tobacco industry political activity has been identified as an obstacle to Parties’ development and implementation of these provisions. This study systematically reviews the existing literature on tobacco industry efforts to influence marketing regulations and develops taxonomies of 1) industry strategies and tactics and 2) industry frames and arguments. Searches were conducted between April-July 2011, and updated in March 2013. Articles were included if they made reference to tobacco industry efforts to influence marketing regulations; supported claims with verifiable evidence; were written in English; and concerned the period 1990–2013. 48 articles met the review criteria. Narrative synthesis was used to combine the evidence. 56% of articles focused on activity in North America, Europe or Australasia, the rest focusing on Asia (17%), South America, Africa or transnational activity. Six main political strategies and four main frames were identified. The tobacco industry frequently claims that the proposed policy will have negative unintended consequences, that there are legal barriers to regulation, and that the regulation is unnecessary because, for example, industry does not market to youth or adheres to a voluntary code. The industry primarily conveys these arguments through direct and indirect lobbying, the promotion of voluntary codes and alternative policies, and the formation of alliances with other industrial sectors. The majority of tactics and arguments were used in multiple jurisdictions. Tobacco industry political activity is far more diverse than suggested by existing taxonomies of corporate political activity. Tactics and arguments are repeated across jurisdictions, suggesting that the taxonomies of industry tactics and arguments developed in this paper are generalisable to multiple jurisdictions and can be used to predict industry activity.
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影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Assunta, M;Chapman, S
通讯作者：
Chapman, S
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
DiFranza, J R;Godshall, W T
通讯作者：
Godshall, W T
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bond, Laura;Daube, Mike;Chikritzhs, Tanya
通讯作者：
Chikritzhs, Tanya
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Champion, D;Chapman, S
通讯作者：
Chapman, S
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Daviter, Falk
通讯作者：
Daviter, Falk