Identification of Body Behaviors and Facial Expressions Associated with Induced Orthopedic Pain in Four Equine Pain Scales.
Identification of Body Behaviors and Facial Expressions Associated with Induced Orthopedic Pain in Four Equine Pain Scales.
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DOI：
10.3390/ani10112155
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发表时间：
2020-11-19
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Haubro Andersen P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ask K;Rhodin M;Tamminen LM;Hernlund E;Haubro Andersen P
疼痛量表是为改善马的疼痛评估而开发的工具。它们基于行为和/或面部表情，观察者基于行为或面部表情的特征分配分数。由于疼痛主要是通过运动过程中的跛行评估来评估的，因此对骨科疼痛马休息时的行为和面部表情知之甚少。本研究的目的是描述如何密切马的行为和面部表情与运动不对称，并确定目前在马与诱导骨科疼痛的行为和表情的组合。骨科疼痛诱导八匹马，并在两种方式进行评估，使用四个现有的马疼痛量表在休息，并通过测量运动过程中的运动不对称。疼痛量表中的行为和面部表情项目与实际跛行的关联进行了分析。姿势相关的行为表现出最强的关联，而马之间的面部表情各不相同。这些结果表明，骨科疼痛评估的疼痛量表将受益于包括姿势，头部位置，在盒子摊位的位置，重点，互动行为和面部表情。这可以改善轻度跛行的马在休息期间的骨科疼痛检测。马骨科疼痛量表针对中度至重度骨科疼痛的马。改善疼痛行为和疼痛相关的面部表情在休息的评估可能会改善轻度跛行等级的骨科疼痛检测。因此，本研究探讨了疼痛相关的行为和面部表情，并试图确定频繁发生的组合。骨科疼痛诱导关节内LPS在8匹马，和客观的运动不对称性分析进行诱导前后与疼痛评估休息。三名观察员同时使用四种马疼痛量表独立评估了他们的箱式畜栏中的马。诱导后运动不对称性的增加被用作疼痛的代表。行为和面部表情通常同时发生，并与运动不对称性密切相关。姿势相关的规模项目是最强的预测运动不对称。显示的面部表情在休息之间的马，但存在时，与运动的不对称性密切相关。面部表情项目的信度低于行为项目。这些研究结果表明，五个身体行为（姿势，头部位置，在盒子摊位的位置，重点和互动行为）应包括在轻度骨科疼痛的现场评估量表。我们还建议将面部表情纳入疼痛评估。
Pain scales are tools developed to improve pain assessment in horses. They are based on behaviors and/or facial expressions, and the observer allocates a score based on the character of the behavior or facial expression. Little is known about behaviors and facial expressions at rest in horses with orthopedic pain since pain is mainly assessed by lameness evaluation during movement. The aim of this study was to describe how closely equine behaviors and facial expressions are associated with movement asymmetry and to identify combinations of behavior and expressions present in horses with induced orthopedic pain. Orthopedic pain was induced in eight horses and assessed in two ways; using four existing equine pain scales at rest, and by measuring movement asymmetry during movement. The association of behavior and facial expression items in the pain scales with actual lameness was analyzed. Posture-related behavior showed the strongest association, while facial expressions varied between horses. These results show that pain scales for orthopedic pain assessment would benefit from including posture, head position, location in the box stall, focus, interactive behavior, and facial expressions. This could improve orthopedic pain detection in horses during rest with mild lameness. Equine orthopedic pain scales are targeted towards horses with moderate to severe orthopedic pain. Improved assessment of pain behavior and pain-related facial expressions at rest may refine orthopedic pain detection for mild lameness grades. Therefore, this study explored pain-related behaviors and facial expressions and sought to identify frequently occurring combinations. Orthopedic pain was induced by intra-articular LPS in eight horses, and objective movement asymmetry analyses were performed before and after induction together with pain assessments at rest. Three observers independently assessed horses in their box stalls, using four equine pain scales simultaneously. Increase in movement asymmetry after induction was used as a proxy for pain. Behaviors and facial expressions commonly co-occurred and were strongly associated with movement asymmetry. Posture-related scale items were the strongest predictors of movement asymmetry. Display of facial expressions at rest varied between horses but, when present, were strongly associated with movement asymmetry. Reliability of facial expression items was lower than reliability of behavioral items. These findings suggest that five body behaviors (posture, head position, location in the box stall, focus, and interactive behavior) should be included in a scale for live assessment of mild orthopedic pain. We also recommend inclusion of facial expressions in pain assessment.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00121.x
发表时间：
1988-03-01
影响因子：
1.3
作者：
FIRTH, EC;KLEIN, WR;WENSING, T
通讯作者：
WENSING, T
影响因子：
3
作者：
Dalla Costa, Emanuela;Stucke, Diana;Lebelt, Dirk
通讯作者：
Lebelt, Dirk
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Bussieres, G.;Jacques, C.;Troncy, E.
通讯作者：
Troncy, E.
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Henriksen, Marius;Aaboe, Jens;Bliddal, Henning
通讯作者：
Bliddal, Henning
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Le, Sebastien;Josse, Julie;Husson, Francois
通讯作者：
Husson, Francois