Non-physiological amino acid (NPAA) therapy targeting brain phenylalanine reduction: pilot studies in PAHENU2 mice.

Non-physiological amino acid (NPAA) therapy targeting brain phenylalanine reduction: pilot studies in PAHENU2 mice.
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DOI:
10.1007/s10545-012-9524-8
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发表时间:
2013-05
影响因子:
4.2
通讯作者:
Gibson, K. Michael
Gibson, K. Michael
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Vogel, Kara R.;Arning, Erland;Wasek, Brandi L.;Bottiglieri, Teodoro;Gibson, K. Michael

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L型氨基酸转运蛋白LAT 1促进大分子中性氨基酸(LNAA)穿过血脑屏障(BBB)。一种LNAA的外周蓄积(例如,苯丙氨酸(Phe))被预测会增加有害氨基酸的摄取而损害其它氨基酸,导致脑氨基酸稳态的破坏。我们假设,选择的非生理氨基酸(NPAA),如DL-正亮氨酸(NL),2-氨基降冰片烷(NB; 2-氨基双环-(2,1,1)-庚烷-2-羧酸),2-氨基异丁酸(AIB),N-甲基-氨基异丁酸(MAIB),作为各种脑氨基酸转运蛋白的竞争性抑制剂,可以减少Pahenu 2小鼠,PKU的相关小鼠模型的脑phe。与未治疗的受试者相比,口服5%NL、5%AIB、0.5%NB和3%MAIB分别使脑phe减少了56%(p<0.01)、-1%(p=NS)、27%(p<0.05)和14%(p<0.01)。还观察到对其他LNA(酪氨酸、甲硫氨酸、支链氨基酸)的显著影响,然而,MAIB显示出最轻微的影响。令人感兴趣的是,MAIB代表系统A(丙氨酸)转运蛋白的抑制剂,其主要转运小氨基酸而不是LNA。我们的研究代表了这些NPAA在Pahenu 2小鼠中的首次体内使用,并为其进一步的临床前开发提供了原理证明,其长期目标是确定选择性限制脑phe转运的NPAA组合和浓度,同时最小限度地影响其他LNAA和下游中间体。
Transport of large neutral amino acids (LNAA) across the blood brain barrier (BBB) is facilitated by the L-type amino acid transporter, LAT1. Peripheral accumulation of one LNAA (e.g., phenylalanine (phe) in PKU) is predicted to increase uptake of the offending amino acid to the detriment of others, resulting in disruption of brain amino acid homeostasis. We hypothesized that selected non-physiological amino acids (NPAAs) such as DL-norleucine (NL), 2-aminonorbornane (NB; 2-aminobicyclo-(2,1,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid), 2-aminoisobutyrate (AIB), and N-methyl-aminoisobutyrate (MAIB), acting as competitive inhibitors of various brain amino acid transporters, could reduce brain phe in Pahenu2 mice, a relevant murine model of PKU. Oral feeding of 5% NL, 5% AIB, 0.5% NB and 3% MAIB reduced brain phe by 56% (p<0.01), −1% (p=NS), 27% (p<0.05) and 14% (p<0.01), respectively, compared to untreated subjects. Significant effects on other LNAAs (tyrosine, methionine, branched chain amino acids) were also observed, however, with MAIB displaying the mildest effects. Of interest, MAIB represents an inhibitor of the system A (alanine) transporter that primarily traffics small amino acids and not LNAAs. Our studies represent the first in vivo use of these NPAAs in Pahenu2 mice, and provide proof-of-principle for their further preclinical development, with the long-term objective of identifying NPAA combinations and concentrations that selectively restrict brain phe transport while minimally impacting other LNAAs and downstream intermediates.
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