Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in a human reference population.
Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in a human reference population.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.7534
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发表时间：
2005-04
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Needham LL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Calafat AM;Kuklenyik Z;Reidy JA;Caudill SP;Ekong J;Needham LL
双酚A（BPA）用于制造聚碳酸酯塑料和环氧树脂，用于婴儿奶瓶，食品容器的保护涂层，以及牙科的复合材料和密封剂。4-壬基酚（NP）用于制造壬基酚乙氧基化物，非离子表面活性剂，在工业、农业和家用消费品中用作乳化剂、润湿剂、分散剂或稳定剂。由于BPA和NP的广泛使用，人类接触BPA和NP的可能性很高。我们使用同位素稀释气相色谱/质谱法测量了来自美国394名成年人参考人群的存档尿样中的BPA和NP。BPA和NP的浓度范围与在其他人群中观察到的相似。在95%的样本中检测到BPA，浓度≥ 0.1 μ g/L尿液;几何平均值和中位浓度分别为1.33 μ g/L（1.36 μ g/g肌酐）和1.28 μ g/L（1.32 μ g/g肌酐）;第95百分位浓度为5.18 μ g/L（7.95 μ g/g肌酐）。NP在≥ 0.1 μ g/L的检查样品中检出率为51%。中位数和第95百分位浓度分别为<0.1 μ g/L和1.57 μ g/L（1.39 μ g/g肌酐）。BPA的频繁检测表明美国居民广泛接触这种化合物。NP的检测频率低于BPA的检测频率可以解释为人类对NP的暴露较低，通过不同的药代动力学因素（即，吸收、分布、代谢、消除），由于4-n-壬基苯酚（测量的NP异构体）占商业混合物中使用的NP的小百分比的事实，或上述所有的组合。需要进一步的研究来确定评估NP暴露的最佳尿液生物标志物。尽管样本人群不具有美国人群的代表性（尽管使用样本权重来提高结果代表美国人群的程度）且样本量相对较小，但本研究提供了人口统计学多样化人群中BPA和NP人体内剂量水平的第一个参考范围。
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, which are used in baby bottles, as protective coatings on food containers, and for composites and sealants in dentistry. 4-Nonylphenol (NP) is used to make nonylphenol ethoxylates, nonionic surfactants applied as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or stabilizing agents in industrial, agricultural, and domestic consumer products. The potential for human exposure to BPA and NP is high because of their widespread use. We measured BPA and NP in archived urine samples from a reference population of 394 adults in the United States using isotope-dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The concentration ranges of BPA and NP were similar to those observed in other human populations. BPA was detected in 95% of the samples examined at concentrations ≥0.1 μg/L urine; the geometric mean and median concentrations were 1.33 μg/L (1.36 μg/g creatinine) and 1.28 μg/L (1.32 μg/g creatinine), respectively; the 95th percentile concentration was 5.18 μg/L (7.95 μg/g creatinine). NP was detected in 51% of the samples examined ≥0.1 μg/L. The median and 95th percentile concentrations were < 0.1 μg/L and 1.57 μg/L (1.39 μg/g creatinine), respectively. The frequent detection of BPA suggests widespread exposure to this compound in residents of the United States. The lower frequency of detection of NP than of BPA could be explained by a lower exposure of humans to NP, by different pharmacokinetic factors (i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination), by the fact that 4-n-nonylphenol—the measured NP isomer—represents a small percentage of the NP used in commercial mixtures, or a combination of all of the above. Additional research is needed to determine the best urinary biomarker(s) to assess exposure to NP. Despite the sample population’s nonrepresentativeness of the U.S. population (although sample weights were used to improve the extent to which the results represent the U.S. population) and relatively small size, this study provides the first reference range of human internal dose levels of BPA and NP in a demographically diverse human population.
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
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