Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.
Why are listeners sometimes (but not always) egocentric? Making inferences about using others' perspective in referential communication.
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为什么有时（但并非总是）以自我为中心的听众？推断在参考通信中使用他人的观点。
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0240521
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Apperly IA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wang JJ;Ciranova N;Woods B;Apperly IA
心理理论（Theory of Mind，简称ToM）是理解他人心理状态的能力，这些心理状态可能与我们自己的不同。虽然健康的成年人通过心理理论的概念测试（例如，错误信念任务），他们并不总是成功地使用心理理论。为了在指称交际中取得成功，听话人需要正确地推断出说话人的视角对指称的制约，并相应地抑制自己的视角。然而，听众可能需要提示来采取这些努力的推理步骤。本研究探讨了在指示中嵌入提示的可能性，以使听者对使用说话者的观点进行推断。实验1表明，提供了一个明确的介绍性例子的完整的推理链导致了很大的改善性能。剩余的自我中心错误表明，这种改善不仅仅是由于对说明的上级理解。实验2通过选择性地强调抑制听者自己的观点与使用说话者的观点来进行推理，进一步分离了这种效果。结果表明，只有后者对成功绩效有显著影响。目前的研究结果清楚地表明，听众不容易作出推论使用扬声器的观点，但可以这样做时，提示。
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand others’ mental states, and that these mental states can differ from our own. Although healthy adults have little trouble passing conceptual tests of ToM (e.g., the false belief task), they do not always succeed in using ToM. In order to be successful in referential communication, listeners need to correctly infer the way in which a speaker’s perspective constrains reference and inhibit their own perspective accordingly. However, listeners may require prompts to take these effortful inferential steps. The current study investigated the possibility of embedding prompts in the instructions for listeners to make inference about using a speaker’s perspective. Experiment 1 showed that provision of a clear introductory example of the full chain of inferences resulted in large improvement in performance. Residual egocentric errors suggested that the improvement was not simply due to superior comprehension of the instructions. Experiment 2 further dissociated the effect by placing selective emphasis on making inference about inhibiting listeners’ own perspective versus using the speaker’s perspective. Results showed that only the latter had a significant effect on successful performance. The current findings clearly demonstrated that listeners do not readily make inferences about using speakers’ perspectives, but can do so when prompted.
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