Attention and implicit memory: priming-induced benefits and costs have distinct attentional requirements.
Attention and implicit memory: priming-induced benefits and costs have distinct attentional requirements.
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DOI：
10.3758/s13421-014-0464-4
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发表时间：
2015-02
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Verfaellie M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Keane MM;Cruz ME;Verfaellie M
编码时的注意力在外显记忆表现中起着至关重要且普遍存在的作用，但其在内隐记忆表现（即启动）中的作用则更加多变：一些（但不是全部）启动效应会因编码时注意力的划分而减弱。大量的经验和理论工作旨在定义在编码时需要或不需要注意的启动效应的关键特征。然而，这项工作只关注本质上有益的启动效应（其中通过先前暴露于任务刺激来增强性能），并且忽略了本质上代价高昂的启动效应（其中性能因先前暴露于任务刺激而受到损害）。本研究通过研究在快速图片命名任务中注意力分散对启动引起的成本和收益的影响来解决这个问题。实验 1 表明，编码时的注意力分配消除了成本，但没有消除收益。实验 2 表明，这项任务的成本（以及收益）对于健忘症参与者来说是完整的，这表明实验 1 中分散注意力条件下成本的消除并不是该条件下外显记忆可用性降低的结果。我们认为，注意力在启动引起的绩效成本和收益中的不同作用与与这些效应相关的反应竞争的差异有关。这种解释将目前的发现置于一个已应用于广泛的促进启动效应的理论框架内。
Attention at encoding plays a critical and ubiquitous role in explicit memory performance, but its role in implicit memory performance (i.e., priming) is more variable: Some, but not all, priming effects are reduced by division of attention at encoding. A wealth of empirical and theoretical work has aimed to define the critical features of priming effects that do or do not require attention at encoding. This work, however, has focused exclusively on priming effects that are beneficial in nature (wherein performance is enhanced by prior exposure to task stimuli), and has overlooked priming effects that are costly in nature (wherein performance is harmed by prior exposure to task stimuli). The present study takes up this question by examining the effect of divided attention on priming-induced costs and benefits in a speeded picture-naming task. Experiment 1 shows that the costs, but not the benefits, are eliminated by division of attention at encoding. Experiment 2 shows that the costs (as well as the benefits) in this task are intact in amnesic participants, demonstrating that the elimination of the cost in the divided attention condition in Experiment 1 was not an artifact of the reduced availability of explicit memory in that condition. We suggest that the differential role of attention in priming-induced performance costs and benefits is linked to differences in response competition associated with these effects. This interpretation situates the present findings within a theoretical framework that has been applied to a broad range of facilitatory priming effects.
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影响因子：
4.1
作者：
BADDELEY, A;LEWIS, V;THOMSON, N
通讯作者：
THOMSON, N
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Craik, FIM;Govoni, R;Anderson, ND
通讯作者：
Anderson, ND
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
JACOBY, LL;DALLAS, M
通讯作者：
DALLAS, M
DOI：
10.1037/0278-7393.18.3.509
发表时间：
1992-05-01
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
CAVE, CB;SQUIRE, LR
通讯作者：
SQUIRE, LR
DOI：
10.1037/0278-7393.13.1.45
发表时间：
1987-01-01
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
GRAF, P;SCHACTER, DL
通讯作者：
SCHACTER, DL