Associations between flame retardant applications in furniture foam, house dust levels, and residents' serum levels.
Associations between flame retardant applications in furniture foam, house dust levels, and residents' serum levels.
复制标题
在家具泡沫，房屋灰尘水平和居民的血清水平中，火焰施用的阻燃应用之间的关联。
DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.015
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发表时间：
2017-10
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Stapleton HM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hammel SC;Hoffman K;Lorenzo AM;Chen A;Phillips AL;Butt CM;Sosa JA;Webster TF;Stapleton HM
软垫家具中的聚氨酯泡沫 (PUF) 经常经过阻燃化学品 (FR) 处理，以降低其可燃性并遵守严格的可燃性标准。几十年来，一种名为五溴二苯醚（PentaBDE）的商业多溴二苯醚（PBDE）混合物通常被应用于泡沫塑料中，以满足这些法规的要求。然而，由于对毒性、生物蓄积性和持久性的担忧，导致 2000 年代中期在全球范围内逐步淘汰。尽管旧家具中仍检测到五溴二苯醚，但磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯 (TDCIPP) 和 Firemaster® 550 (FM550) 等其他阻燃化合物已越来越多地用作替代品。虽然生物监测研究表明暴露现象很普遍，但暴露的主要来源尚不清楚。在这里，我们研究了家具泡沫中特定阻燃剂应用与人体暴露之间的关系。从美国北卡罗来纳州的一个队列中收集了家具泡沫、房屋灰尘和血清样本的配对样本，并分析了 PUF 中通常使用的 FR。一般来说，家中沙发中特定 FR 的存在与室内灰尘中该 FR 浓度的增加有关。例如，沙发中五溴二苯醚的存在与室内灰尘中五溴二苯醚的主要成分 BDE-47 含量显着升高相关（10β=6.4，p<0.001）。 FM550 的一种成分，即 2,3,4,5-四溴苯甲酸 2-乙基己酯 (EH-TBB) 也观察到了类似的关联，当在沙发泡沫中发现 FM550 时，其在室内灰尘中的含量大约高出 3 倍 (p<0.01)。这些关系会根据客厅的灰尘负载率以及沙发尺寸与房间尺寸的比率进行修改。有趣的是，在沙发泡沫中检测到的粉尘中 TDCIPP 和磷酸三（1-氯-2-异丙基）酯 (TCIPP) 的含量也较高；然而，这些关联在统计上并不显着，可能表明这些化合物在家庭中还有其他重要来源。此外，沙发泡沫中五溴二苯醚的存在与血清中 BDE-47 水平显着升高相关（p<0.01）。这些结果表明，沙发中的阻燃剂应用可能是家中接触这些化合物的主要来源。
Polyurethane foam (PUF) in upholstered furniture frequently is treated with flame retardant chemicals (FRs) to reduce its flammability and adhere to rigorous flammability standards. For decades, a commercial mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) called PentaBDE was commonly applied to foam to fulfill these regulations; however, concerns over toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence led to a global phase-out in the mid-2000s. Although PentaBDE is still detected in older furniture, other FR compounds such as tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and Firemaster® 550 (FM550) have been increasingly used as replacements. While biomonitoring studies suggest exposure is widespread, the primary sources of exposure are not clearly known. Here, we investigated the relationships between specific FR applications in furniture foam and human exposure. Paired samples of furniture foam, house dust and serum samples were collected from a cohort in North Carolina, USA and analyzed for FRs typically used in PUF. In general, the presence of a specific FR in the sofa of a home was associated with an increase in the concentration of that FR in house dust. For example, the presence of PentaBDE in sofas was associated with significantly higher levels of BDE-47, a major component of PentaBDE, in house dust (10β=6.4, p<0.001). A similar association was observed with a component of FM550, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), with levels that were approximately 3 times higher in house dust when FM550 was identified in the sofa foam (p<0.01). These relationships were modified by dust loading rates in the living room and the ratio of sofa size to room size. Interestingly, levels of TDCIPP and tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were also higher in dust with detections in sofa foam; however, these associations were not statistically significant and may suggest there are other prominent sources of these compounds in the home. In addition, the presence of PentaBDE in sofa foam was associated with significantly higher levels of BDE-47 in serum (p<0.01). These results suggest that FR applications in sofas are likely major sources of exposure to these compounds in the home.
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影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Cequier, Enrique;Maria Marce, Rosa;Thomsen, Cathrine
通讯作者：
Thomsen, Cathrine
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Abbasi, Golnoush;Saini, Amandeep;Diamond, Miriam L.
通讯作者：
Diamond, Miriam L.
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Belcher, Scott M.;Cookman, Clifford J.;Patisaul, Heather B.;Stapleton, Heather M.
通讯作者：
Stapleton, Heather M.
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Dodson, Robin E.;Van den Eede, Nele;Covaci, Adrian;Perovich, Laura J.;Brody, Julia Green;Rudel, Ruthann A.
通讯作者：
Rudel, Ruthann A.
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Antweiler, Ronald C.;Taylor, Howard E.
通讯作者：
Taylor, Howard E.