Microbial Pathogens in the Fungal Kingdom.
Microbial Pathogens in the Fungal Kingdom.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.fbr.2011.01.003
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发表时间：
2011-03-01
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Heitman, Joseph
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Heitman, Joseph
真菌王国是巨大的，跨越~ 150万至多达500万个物种，如单细胞酵母、丝状真菌、蘑菇、地衣以及植物和动物病原体。真菌与真核生物的六到八个超群之一的动物密切相关，后孔动物。动物和真菌王国最后一次共享共同的祖先是在10亿年前，比其他真核生物群体更近。由于它们与后生动物的进化历史和共享的细胞机制，真菌是哺乳动物生物学的特殊模型，但在感染动物中更难治疗。真菌/后生动物谱系的最后共同祖先被认为是单细胞的，水生的，运动的，有后鞭毛，某些现存的物种与这个假设的祖先非常相似。真菌界中的物种传统上被分配到四个门，包括基础真菌（壶菌门，接合菌门）和最近衍生的单系谱系，双核菌（子囊菌门，担子菌门）。真菌生命树项目揭示了基础谱系是多系的，因此有多达8到10个真菌门。感染脊椎动物的真菌存在于所有主要谱系中，并且毒力独立地多次出现。一个令人清醒的最新发展涉及到来自基础真菌门壶菌门的种Batrachochytrium dendrobaenum，它的出现导致了全球两栖动物的减少和灭绝。基因组学正在彻底改变我们对真菌王国的看法，而放线菌病原体（根霉属、毛霉属）、皮肤相关真菌（皮肤真菌、马拉色菌属）和念珠菌属致病性物种分支的基因组序列有望为了解毒力的起源提供线索。在这里，我们调查真菌病原体的多样性，并说明基因组学揭示的关键原则，涉及有性生殖和性别决定，在基础真菌中保留的衍生真菌谱系中的保守途径的丢失，以及成功的人类病原体的共享和不同的毒力策略，包括形式上的二态和三态转变。总体结论是，动物的真菌病原体在真菌生命树中反复独立地出现，虽然它们具有共同的特性，但每种成功的微生物病原体的毒力策略也具有独特的特征。
The fungal kingdom is vast, spanning ~1.5 to as many as 5 million species diverse as unicellular yeasts, filamentous fungi, mushrooms, lichens, and both plant and animal pathogens. The fungi are closely aligned with animals in one of the six to eight supergroups of eukaryotes, the opisthokonts. The animal and fungal kingdoms last shared a common ancestor ~1 billion years ago, more recently than other groups of eukaryotes. As a consequence of their close evolutionary history and shared cellular machinery with metazoans, fungi are exceptional models for mammalian biology, but prove more difficult to treat in infected animals. The last common ancestor to the fungal/metazoan lineages is thought to have been unicellular, aquatic, and motile with a posterior flagellum, and certain extant species closely resemble this hypothesized ancestor. Species within the fungal kingdom were traditionally assigned to four phyla, including the basal fungi (Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota) and the more recently derived monophyletic lineage, the dikarya (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota). The fungal tree of life project has revealed that the basal lineages are polyphyletic, and thus there are as many as eight to ten fungal phyla. Fungi that infect vertebrates are found in all of the major lineages, and virulence arose multiple times independently. A sobering recent development involves the species Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from the basal fungal phylum, the Chytridiomycota, which has emerged to cause global amphibian declines and extinctions. Genomics is revolutionizing our view of the fungal kingdom, and genome sequences for zygomycete pathogens (Rhizopus, Mucor), skin-associated fungi (dermatophytes, Malassezia), and the Candida pathogenic species clade promise to provide insights into the origins of virulence. Here we survey the diversity of fungal pathogens and illustrate key principles revealed by genomics involving sexual reproduction and sex determination, loss of conserved pathways in derived fungal lineages that are retained in basal fungi, and shared and divergent virulence strategies of successful human pathogens, including dimorphic and trimorphic transitions in form. The overarching conclusion is that fungal pathogens of animals have arisen repeatedly and independently throughout the fungal tree of life, and while they share general properties, there are also unique features to the virulence strategies of each successful microbial pathogen.
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影响因子：
3.2
作者：
BARTNICKIGARCIA, S;NICKERSON, WJ
通讯作者：
NICKERSON, WJ
影响因子：
--
作者：
Campbell, LT;Fraser, JA;Heitman, J
通讯作者：
Heitman, J
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Connolly, JH;Krockenberger, MB;Muir, DB
通讯作者：
Muir, DB
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.90.24.11558
发表时间：
1993-12-15
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
BALDAUF, SL;PALMER, JD
通讯作者：
PALMER, JD
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Ballario, P;Vittorioso, P;Macino, G
通讯作者：
Macino, G