Evidence of zoonotic leprosy in Pará, Brazilian Amazon, and risks associated with human contact or consumption of armadillos.
Evidence of zoonotic leprosy in Pará, Brazilian Amazon, and risks associated with human contact or consumption of armadillos.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pntd.0006532
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发表时间：
2018-06
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Spencer JS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
da Silva MB;Portela JM;Li W;Jackson M;Gonzalez-Juarrero M;Hidalgo AS;Belisle JT;Bouth RC;Gobbo AR;Barreto JG;Minervino AHH;Cole ST;Avanzi C;Busso P;Frade MAC;Geluk A;Salgado CG;Spencer JS
麻风分枝杆菌（M.麻风病（leprae）是一种人类病原体，也是麻风病的病原体，麻风病是一种以皮肤损伤和外周神经损伤为特征的慢性疾病。人畜共患M.九带犰狳（Dasypus novemcinctus）对人类的麻风病已被证明发生在美国南部，主要在德克萨斯州、路易斯安那州和佛罗里达。九带犰狳在南美洲也很常见，生活在巴西一些地区的居民捕猎犰狳作为蛋白质的膳食来源。本研究探讨了M.野生犰狳中的麻风病感染以及这些新大陆哺乳动物是否可能是巴西麻风病传播的天然宿主，类似于美国南部各州的情况。从犰狳脾和肝组织中提取纯化的DNA，通过PCR扩增检测麻风特异性重复序列RLEP。在62%（10/16）的犰狳中证实了RLEP阳性信号，表明M的高感染率。麻风病人免疫组化显示，结核杆菌DNA和细胞壁成分原位检测SYBR金和金胺/罗丹明染色技术，分别感染的犰狳脾脏的部分。分枝使用对PGL-I特异的兔多克隆抗体在脾切片中检测麻风特异性抗原，酚糖脂I（PGL-I）。通过ELISA评估来自Belterra（位于巴西帕拉州西部的高流行病城市）的146名居民血清中的抗PGL-I滴度。阳性抗PGL-I滴度是M的已知生物标志物。人类和犰狳的麻风病感染。最经常食用犰狳肉（每月一次以上）的个体显示出比那些不吃或吃得频率低于每月一次的个体显着更高的抗PGL-I滴度。感染M.麻风是潜在环境宿主。因此，狩猎、杀死、加工或食用犰狳肉的人感染M的风险更高。这些动物身上的麻风在美国南部各州，犰狳已被证明是麻风分枝杆菌感染的天然宿主，并与麻风病向人类的人畜共患传播有关。为了在巴西调查这一点，我们对巴西亚马逊地区帕拉州西部的犰狳进行了调查，那里的麻风病在人类中高度流行。研究人员调查了居住在Belterra小镇的居民与犰狳互动的程度和频率（狩猎，准备烹饪肉类或食用肉类）。我们还从犰狳的肝脏和脾脏中提取了M.组织中的麻风病感染我们发现大多数居民与犰狳有过一定程度的接触（约65%），并且感染了犰狳。这一地区的犰狳麻风病发病率也很高（62%）。那些一个月吃一次以上犰狳肉的人对M.麻风特异性抗原PGL-I。了解麻风病在不同地理区域的传播动态，了解人类与潜在感染动物相互作用的行为风险，将有助于阐明该地区麻风病人畜共患传播的相对风险。
Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) is a human pathogen and the causative agent for leprosy, a chronic disease characterized by lesions of the skin and peripheral nerve damage. Zoonotic transmission of M. leprae to humans by nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) has been shown to occur in the southern United States, mainly in Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. Nine-banded armadillos are also common in South America, and residents living in some areas in Brazil hunt and kill armadillos as a dietary source of protein. This study examines the extent of M. leprae infection in wild armadillos and whether these New World mammals may be a natural reservoir for leprosy transmission in Brazil, similar to the situation in the southern states of the U.S. The presence of the M. leprae-specific repetitive sequence RLEP was detected by PCR amplification in purified DNA extracted from armadillo spleen and liver tissue samples. A positive RLEP signal was confirmed in 62% of the armadillos (10/16), indicating high rates of infection with M. leprae. Immunohistochemistry of sections of infected armadillo spleens revealed mycobacterial DNA and cell wall constituents in situ detected by SYBR Gold and auramine/rhodamine staining techniques, respectively. The M. leprae-specific antigen, phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) was detected in spleen sections using a rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for PGL-I. Anti-PGL-I titers were assessed by ELISA in sera from 146 inhabitants of Belterra, a hyperendemic city located in western Pará state in Brazil. A positive anti-PGL-I titer is a known biomarker for M. leprae infection in both humans and armadillos. Individuals who consumed armadillo meat most frequently (more than once per month) showed a significantly higher anti-PGL-I titer than those who did not eat or ate less frequently than once per month. Armadillos infected with M. leprae represent a potential environmental reservoir. Consequently, people who hunt, kill, or process or eat armadillo meat are at a higher risk for infection with M. leprae from these animals. Armadillos have been shown to be a natural reservoir of Mycobacterium leprae infection in the southern states of the U.S. and have been implicated in the zoonotic transmission of leprosy to humans. To investigate this in Brazil, we conducted surveys of armadillos in western Pará state in the Brazilian Amazon region where leprosy is hyperendemic in humans. Individuals living in the small town of Belterra were surveyed for the extent and frequency of interaction with armadillos (hunting, preparing the meat for cooking, or eating the meat for food). We also took samples of liver and spleen from armadillos to look for M. leprae infection in the tissues. We found that a majority of residents had some contact with armadillos (~65%) and that infection by M. leprae in armadillos in this area was also very high (62%). Those individuals who ate armadillo meat more than once a month had a significantly higher antibody titer to the M. leprae-specific antigen, PGL-I. Understanding the dynamics of leprosy transmission in different geographic regions and knowing the behavioral risks of humans interacting with potentially infected animals will help clarify the relative risk of zoonotic transmission of leprosy in this region.
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DOI：
10.1590/s0074-02762012000900028
发表时间：
2012-12-01
期刊：
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
影响因子：
--
作者：
Adams, Linda B;Pena, Maria T;Truman, Richard W
通讯作者：
Truman, Richard W
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Balamayooran, Gayathriy;Pena, Maria;Truman, Richard W.
通讯作者：
Truman, Richard W.
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
HUNTER, SW;BRENNAN, PJ
通讯作者：
BRENNAN, PJ
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Barreto JG;Bisanzio D;Frade MA;Moraes TM;Gobbo AR;de Souza Guimarães L;da Silva MB;Vazquez-Prokopec GM;Spencer JS;Kitron U;Salgado CG
通讯作者：
Salgado CG
影响因子：
--
作者：
Duthie, Malcolm S.;Truman, Richard W.;Reed, Steven G.
通讯作者：
Reed, Steven G.