Are prescription stimulants "smart pills"? The epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal healthy individuals.
Are prescription stimulants "smart pills"? The epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal healthy individuals.
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DOI：
10.1037/a0023825
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发表时间：
2011-09
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
Farah, Martha J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Smith, M. Elizabeth;Farah, Martha J.
据说，正常健康个体使用处方兴奋剂来增强认知能力的情况正在增加。谁在使用这些药物来增强认知能力，这种做法有多普遍？处方兴奋剂真的能增强正常健康人的认知能力吗？我们回顾了流行病学和认知神经科学文献，以寻找这些问题的答案。流行病学问题包括非医疗兴奋剂使用的流行率，用户人口统计学，用户获得处方兴奋剂的方法，以及使用的动机。认知神经科学的问题包括处方兴奋剂对学习和执行功能的影响，以及与这些影响相关的任务和个体变量。关于在学生群体之外使用处方兴奋剂来增强认知能力的流行情况知之甚少。在大学生中，对使用的估计差异很大，但总的来说，这种做法是司空见惯的。兴奋剂对正常健康人的认知影响尚不能确定，尽管对这些问题进行了大量的研究。已发表的证据表明，陈述性记忆可以通过兴奋剂得到改善，一些证据与增强记忆的巩固相一致。对工作记忆和认知控制的执行功能的影响不太可靠，但至少在某些任务中发现了一些个体。最后，我们列举了许多悬而未决的问题，仍有待解决的未来研究，并确定本研究所面临的障碍。
Use of prescription stimulants by normal healthy individuals to enhance cognition is said to be on the rise. Who is using these medications for cognitive enhancement, and how prevalent is this practice? Do prescription stimulants in fact enhance cognition for normal healthy people? We review the epidemiological and cognitive neuroscience literatures in search of answers to these questions. Epidemiological issues addressed include the prevalence of nonmedical stimulant use, user demographics, methods by which users obtain prescription stimulants, and motivations for use. Cognitive neuroscience issues addressed include the effects of prescription stimulants on learning and executive function, as well as the task and individual variables associated with these effects. Little is known about the prevalence of prescription stimulant use for cognitive enhancement outside of student populations. Among college students, estimates of use vary widely but, taken together, suggest that the practice is commonplace. The cognitive effects of stimulants on normal healthy people cannot yet be characterized definitively, despite the volume of research that has been carried out on these issues. Published evidence suggests that declarative memory can be improved by stimulants, with some evidence consistent with enhanced consolidation of memories. Effects on the executive functions of working memory and cognitive control are less reliable but have been found for at least some individuals on some tasks. In closing, we enumerate the many outstanding questions that remain to be addressed by future research and also identify obstacles facing this research.
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DOI：
10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80034-9
发表时间：
1973-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF VERBAL LEARNING AND VERBAL BEHAVIOR
影响因子：
--
作者：
BUSCHKE, H
通讯作者：
BUSCHKE, H
影响因子：
8
作者：
Boyd, Carol J.;McCabe, Sean Esteban;Young, Amy
通讯作者：
Young, Amy
影响因子：
8
作者：
Boonstra, T. W.;Stins, J. F.;Daffertshofer, A.;Beek, P. J.
通讯作者：
Beek, P. J.
影响因子：
1.7
作者：
Arria AM
通讯作者：
Arria AM
DOI：
10.1097/dbp.0b013e3180cabc28
发表时间：
2007-08-01
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Barbaresi, William J.;Katusic, Slavica K.;Jacobsen, Steven J.
通讯作者：
Jacobsen, Steven J.