People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years.
People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years.
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人类至少在12,000年前就已经塑造了地球上的大部分自然。
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2023483118
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发表时间：
2021-04-27
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Watson JEM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ellis EC;Gauthier N;Klein Goldewijk K;Bliege Bird R;Boivin N;Díaz S;Fuller DQ;Gill JL;Kaplan JO;Kingston N;Locke H;McMichael CNH;Ranco D;Rick TC;Shaw MR;Stephens L;Svenning JC;Watson JEM
目前的生物多样性危机经常被描述为一场保护未被破坏的栖息地的斗争。在这里，我们将过去12,000年来人类人口和土地利用的全球地图与当前的生物多样性数据结合起来，表明近四分之三的陆地自然长期以来一直受到土著和传统民族人类居住和使用的不同历史的影响。除极少数例外情况外，目前的生物多样性损失不是由人类改造或未被破坏的生态系统退化造成的，而是由对先前社会居住和使用的土地的侵占、殖民和强化使用造成的。全球土地使用历史证实，增强土著人民和当地社区的环境管理能力对于保护地球各地的生物多样性至关重要。考古和古生态证据表明，到公元前10,000年前，所有人类社会都采用了不同程度的生态变革土地利用做法，包括焚烧、狩猎、物种繁殖、驯化、耕作和其他在陆地生物圈留下长期遗产的做法。然而，自然科学家、自然资源保护者和政策制定者之间挥之不去的一个范例是，人类对陆地自然的改造大多是最近的，而且本质上是破坏性的。在这里，我们使用最新的、空间上最明确的全球历史人口和土地使用重建来表明这种范式可能是错误的。即使在12000年前，地球上近四分之三的土地都有人居住，因此受到人类社会的影响，其中包括95%以上的温带林地和90%以上的热带林地。与保护区和土著土地一样，现在被描述为“自然”、“完整”和“野生”的土地通常表现出长期的使用历史，目前脊椎动物物种丰富度和关键生物多样性区域的全球格局与过去的土地利用模式的关联比与现在以自然景观为特征的区域景观中的当前格局更密切。目前的生物多样性危机很难用失去无人居住的荒地来解释，而是由于对先前社会长期塑造和维持的生物多样性文化景观的侵占、殖民和强化利用。因此，认识到这种与生物多样性的深厚文化联系将是解决这一危机的关键。
The current biodiversity crisis is often depicted as a struggle to preserve untouched habitats. Here, we combine global maps of human populations and land use over the past 12,000 y with current biodiversity data to show that nearly three quarters of terrestrial nature has long been shaped by diverse histories of human habitation and use by Indigenous and traditional peoples. With rare exceptions, current biodiversity losses are caused not by human conversion or degradation of untouched ecosystems, but rather by the appropriation, colonization, and intensification of use in lands inhabited and used by prior societies. Global land use history confirms that empowering the environmental stewardship of Indigenous peoples and local communities will be critical to conserving biodiversity across the planet. Archaeological and paleoecological evidence shows that by 10,000 BCE, all human societies employed varying degrees of ecologically transformative land use practices, including burning, hunting, species propagation, domestication, cultivation, and others that have left long-term legacies across the terrestrial biosphere. Yet, a lingering paradigm among natural scientists, conservationists, and policymakers is that human transformation of terrestrial nature is mostly recent and inherently destructive. Here, we use the most up-to-date, spatially explicit global reconstruction of historical human populations and land use to show that this paradigm is likely wrong. Even 12,000 y ago, nearly three quarters of Earth’s land was inhabited and therefore shaped by human societies, including more than 95% of temperate and 90% of tropical woodlands. Lands now characterized as “natural,” “intact,” and “wild” generally exhibit long histories of use, as do protected areas and Indigenous lands, and current global patterns of vertebrate species richness and key biodiversity areas are more strongly associated with past patterns of land use than with present ones in regional landscapes now characterized as natural. The current biodiversity crisis can seldom be explained by the loss of uninhabited wildlands, resulting instead from the appropriation, colonization, and intensifying use of the biodiverse cultural landscapes long shaped and sustained by prior societies. Recognizing this deep cultural connection with biodiversity will therefore be essential to resolve the crisis.
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影响因子：
3.9
作者：
Bowman DM;Balch J;Artaxo P;Bond WJ;Cochrane MA;D'Antonio CM;Defries R;Johnston FH;Keeley JE;Krawchuk MA;Kull CA;Mack M;Moritz MA;Pyne S;Roos CI;Scott AC;Sodhi NS;Swetnam TW;Whittaker R
通讯作者：
Whittaker R
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Fricke, Evan C.;Svenning, Jens-Christian
通讯作者：
Svenning, Jens-Christian
影响因子：
6.8
作者：
AKAIKE, H
通讯作者：
AKAIKE, H
影响因子：
2
作者：
Denevan, William M.
通讯作者：
Denevan, William M.
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Cook-Patton, Susan C.;Weller, Daniel;Parker, John D.
通讯作者：
Parker, John D.