Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status.
Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/cei.12269
复制
发表时间：
2014-07
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Lowry CA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rook GA;Raison CL;Lowry CA
免疫系统进化到需要来自至少三个来源的输入，我们统称为“老朋友”：（i）由母亲和其他家庭成员传播的肠道微生物;（ii）来自自然环境的调节和多样化肠道微生物的生物体;以及（iii）在小型孤立猎人中可能持续存在的“旧”感染-聚集群体作为相对无害的亚临床感染或携带状态。这些种类的生物体必须被耐受，并在免疫系统的发育和调节中共同进化。相比之下，“人群感染”（如儿童病毒感染）是在城市化导致大型社区的时候演变而来的。它们没有进化出免疫调节作用，因为它们要么杀死宿主，要么诱导固体免疫，并且不能在狩猎采集群体中持续存在。由于西方的生活方式和医疗实践耗尽了“旧”感染（例如蠕虫），免疫调节障碍增加了，免疫系统变得更加依赖于微生物和自然环境。然而，城市化使人们继续暴露于缺乏免疫调节作用的人群感染，同时加速了自然环境暴露的丧失。这种影响在缺乏农村第二居所和农村假期的社会经济地位低的人中最为明显。有趣的是，大型流行病学研究表明，生活在靠近绿色空间的健康益处对低社会经济地位的人最为明显。在这里，我们讨论了自然环境的免疫调节作用，以及这可能是如何相互作用，并调节，在低SES个人的心理社会压力的促炎作用。
The immune system evolved to require input from at least three sources that we collectively term the ‘old friends’: (i) the commensal microbiotas transmitted by mothers and other family members; (ii) organisms from the natural environment that modulate and diversify the commensal microbiotas; and (iii) the ‘old’ infections that could persist in small isolated hunter-gatherer groups as relatively harmless subclinical infections or carrier states. These categories of organism had to be tolerated and co-evolved roles in the development and regulation of the immune system. By contrast, the ‘crowd infections’ (such as childhood virus infections) evolved later, when urbanization led to large communities. They did not evolve immunoregulatory roles because they either killed the host or induced solid immunity, and could not persist in hunter-gatherer groups. Because the western lifestyle and medical practice deplete the ‘old’ infections (for example helminths), immunoregulatory disorders have increased, and the immune system has become more dependent upon microbiotas and the natural environment. However, urbanization maintains exposure to the crowd infections that lack immunoregulatory roles, while accelerating loss of exposure to the natural environment. This effect is most pronounced in individuals of low socioeconomic status (SES) who lack rural second homes and rural holidays. Interestingly, large epidemiological studies indicate that the health benefits of living close to green spaces are most pronounced for individuals of low SES. Here we discuss the immunoregulatory role of the natural environment, and how this may interact with, and modulate, the proinflammatory effects of psychosocial stressors in low SES individuals.
登录
查看更多内容
DOI：
10.1038/npp.2010.159
发表时间：
2010-12
期刊：
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
影响因子：
--
作者：
通讯作者：
--
DOI：
10.1126/science.1198469
发表时间：
2011-01-21
期刊：
Science (New York, N.Y.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Atarashi K;Tanoue T;Shima T;Imaoka A;Kuwahara T;Momose Y;Cheng G;Yamasaki S;Saito T;Ohba Y;Taniguchi T;Takeda K;Hori S;Ivanov II;Umesaki Y;Itoh K;Honda K
通讯作者：
Honda K
影响因子：
7.7
作者：
Bonifacio E;Warncke K;Winkler C;Wallner M;Ziegler AG
通讯作者：
Ziegler AG
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Claesson, Marcus J.;Jeffery, Ian B.;O'Toole, Paul W.
通讯作者：
O'Toole, Paul W.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Axelsson, Erik;Ratnakumar, Abhirami;Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin
通讯作者：
Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin