Integrating ecosystem markets to co-ordinate landscape-scale public benefits from nature.
Integrating ecosystem markets to co-ordinate landscape-scale public benefits from nature.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0258334
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Tanneberger F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Reed MS;Curtis T;Gosal A;Kendall H;Andersen SP;Ziv G;Attlee A;Fitton RG;Hay M;Gibson AC;Hume AC;Hill D;Mansfield JL;Martino S;Olesen AS;Prior S;Rodgers C;Rudman H;Tanneberger F
为了应对缓解气候变化和提供其他公共产品日益增长的需求，生态系统市场在世界各地不断激增。然而，这可能会导致不正当的结果，例如公共资金挤出私人投资或不同的计划在各自目标的生态系统服务之间进行权衡。生态系统市场的整合可以解决其中一些问题，但迄今为止，很少有人尝试这样做，而且对这种整合的机会或障碍的了解有限。本文基于对 25 次访谈、计划文件和两个焦点小组的定性分析，对欧洲正在运行或接近市场的 11 个生态系统市场进行了比较分析。我们的研究结果表明，从区域到国家规模，存在三种不同类型的市场，具有不同的运作模式、资金和成果：区域生态系统市场、国家碳市场和绿色金融。这种类型为生态系统市场的实际运作提供了新的见解，这可能会挑战传统上生态系统服务支付的概念。特别是区域生态系统市场，通过使用基于风险的融资模型并聚合供需来克服搭便车、生态系统服务权衡和土地管理者参与等问题，代表了对传统模式的背离。所有类型市场的核心都是值得信赖的中介机构、经纪人和平台，以聚合供需、建立信任并降低交易成本。该文件概述了混合公共和私人资金提供生态系统服务的六种方案，并提出了将国家碳市场和绿色金融与区域生态系统市场相结合的框架。这种整合可能会显着增加对再生农业和多个栖息地和服务的保护的资金，同时解决多个计划之间的额外性和生态系统服务权衡问题。
Ecosystem markets are proliferating around the world in response to increasing demand for climate change mitigation and provision of other public goods. However, this may lead to perverse outcomes, for example where public funding crowds out private investment or different schemes create trade-offs between the ecosystem services they each target. The integration of ecosystem markets could address some of these issues but to date there have been few attempts to do this, and there is limited understanding of either the opportunities or barriers to such integration. This paper reports on a comparative analysis of eleven ecosystem markets in operation or close to market in Europe, based on qualitative analysis of 25 interviews, scheme documentation and two focus groups. Our results indicate three distinct types of markets operating from the regional to national scale, with different modes of operation, funding and outcomes: regional ecosystem markets, national carbon markets and green finance. The typology provides new insights into the operation of ecosystem markets in practice, which may challenge traditionally held notions of Payment for Ecosystem Services. Regional ecosystem markets, in particular, represent a departure from traditional models, by using a risk-based funding model and aggregating both supply and demand to overcome issues of free-riding, ecosystem service trade-offs and land manager engagement. Central to all types of market were trusted intermediaries, brokers and platforms to aggregate supply and demand, build trust and lower transaction costs. The paper outlines six options for blending public and private funding for the provision of ecosystem services and proposes a framework for integrating national carbon markets and green finance with regional ecosystem markets. Such integration may significantly increase funding for regenerative agriculture and conservation across multiple habitats and services, whilst addressing issues of additionality and ecosystem service trade-offs between multiple schemes.
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