Light Pollution Disrupts Seasonal Differences in the Daily Activity and Metabolic Profiles of the Northern House Mosquito, Culex pipiens.
Light Pollution Disrupts Seasonal Differences in the Daily Activity and Metabolic Profiles of the Northern House Mosquito, Culex pipiens.
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北方家蚊传播西尼罗河病毒，并通过进入一种被称为滞育的休眠状态来度过冬天。光污染已被证明会干扰这种蚊子的滞育开始。光污染对滞育和非滞育北方家蚊的日常活动节律和代谢产物的影响尚未得到彻底研究。我们发现，光污染影响蚊子的活动水平和几种代谢产物不同，这取决于光周期，表明光污染可能会破坏营养积累，并可能干扰滞育开始在这个物种。北方家蚊，尖音库蚊，是一种重要的病媒，雌蚊能以越冬滞育状态越冬。该物种的滞育反应已被广泛研究，最近的证据表明，昼夜节律钟参与测量日照长度的季节变化，以启动滞育反应。然而，滞育和非滞育Cx的昼夜活动的差异。没有对pipiens进行彻底调查。此外，最近的研究结果表明，夜间人造光（ALAN）可以破坏蚊子的滞育，从而可能延长蚊子的叮咬季节。我们比较了昼夜运动活动的蚊子饲养在滞育避免，长日照条件和滞育诱导，短日照条件下，有和没有ALAN，阐明昼夜活动，滞育，和光污染之间的相互作用。我们还发现，通过测量蛋白质、果糖、糖原、水溶性碳水化合物和脂质的浓度，在滞育和非滞育光周期下饲养的蚊子在有和没有ALAN的情况下代谢差异。我们发现，ALAN暴露改变了几个滞育相关的表型，包括轻微的，但不显着，增加活动水平在短日饲养的蚊子，并防止一些短日饲养的蚊子积累脂质。ALAN还显着降低糖原和水溶性碳水化合物的水平在长日饲养的蚊子。根据我们的研究结果，光污染可能会通过干扰新陈代谢来降低昆虫的适应性，也可能会影响与昆虫滞育相关的几种表型，可能会延长蚊子叮咬季节，并阻止城市环境中的昆虫成功越冬。
The Northern house mosquito transmits West Nile virus and survives the winter by entering a state of dormancy called diapause. Light pollution has been shown to interfere with diapause initiation in this mosquito. The effects of light pollution on daily activity rhythms and metabolic products have not been thoroughly investigated in diapausing and non-diapausing Northern house mosquitoes. We found that light pollution affected mosquito activity levels and several metabolic products differently depending on photoperiod, indicating that light pollution may disrupt nutrient accumulation and possibly interfere with diapause initiation in this species. The Northern House mosquito, Culex pipiens, is an important disease vector, and females are capable of surviving the winter in a state of overwintering diapause. This species’ diapause response has been extensively studied, and recent evidence suggests that the circadian clock is involved in measuring seasonal changes in daylength to initiate the diapause response. However, differences in the circadian activity of diapausing and non-diapausing Cx. pipiens have not been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, recent findings indicate that artificial light at night (ALAN) can disrupt mosquito diapause, potentially prolonging the mosquito biting season. We compared the circadian locomotor activity of mosquitoes reared in diapause-averting, long-day conditions and diapause-inducing, short-day conditions with and without ALAN to elucidate the interplay between circadian activity, diapause, and light pollution. We also uncovered metabolic differences between mosquitoes reared under diapausing and non-diapausing photoperiods with and without ALAN by measuring the concentration of protein, fructose, glycogen, water-soluble carbohydrates, and lipids. We found that ALAN exposure altered several diapause-associated phenotypes including slightly, but not significantly, increasing activity levels in short day-reared mosquitoes; and preventing some short day-reared mosquitoes from accumulating lipids. ALAN also significantly reduced glycogen and water-soluble carbohydrate levels in long day-reared mosquitoes. Based on our findings, light pollution may decrease insect fitness by perturbing metabolism, and may also impact several phenotypes associated with insect diapause, potentially extending the mosquito biting season and preventing insects in urban environments from overwintering successfully.
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