Ageing Societies are a Triumph
Ageing Societies are a Triumph
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老龄化社会是一个胜利
DOI：
10.1007/s12062-023-09417-6
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Harper S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harper S
S. Harper人口红利。也被称为银发人口红利，这是指年龄更大、更健康的成年人通过延长工作时间直接对经济生产率做出贡献而提高的生产率（Ogawa等人，2021年）。如果得到适当政策和劳动力市场条件的支持，人口老龄化实际上可以为创新和创业蓬勃发展创造新的机会（Rouzet et al., 2019）。然而，正如Harper（2023）所探讨的那样，挑战并不是人口结构本身的变化，而是构成结果的政策和制度。在千禧年过去近25年后，我们的许多机构仍然是由20世纪的结构所定义的，这些结构已不再适用于21世纪的动态。这些机构和公众观念影响着老龄化社会中个人的行为。当我们注意到法国公众对将退休年龄从62岁提高到64岁的提议的强烈抗议时，我们只能回忆起美国经济学家格鲁伯和怀斯（1999）的重要工作，他们指出养老金激励在诱导健康活跃的个人退休方面发挥了重要作用，法国的养老金制度是经合组织国家中退休激励最高的国家之一。这是一个世界上预期寿命最高的国家之一。2022年，法国女性出生时的预期寿命为85.3岁，男性为79.4岁。事实上，自格鲁伯和怀斯发表他们的开创性研究以来，法国人的预期寿命从78.68岁（1999年）上升到了83.13岁（2023年），联合国预测到本世纪中叶，法国人的预期寿命将达到86.5岁。同样，法国60岁的健康预期寿命（HALE）再延长20年，使其成为世界上最健康的老年人口之一。因此，虽然法国的实际退休年龄——64岁左右——与欧盟平均水平相差不远，但法国是退休年龄最高的国家之一，男性为23.5岁，女性为27岁。然而，人们认识到，在法国，对退休的规范看法是工人的一项社会权利，所有年龄段的人都普遍认为，在60岁出头就退休是合适的。因此，法国退休人员更有可能报告说，重新获得自由和控制，经历更低水平的压力和责任，以及参与社会活动显著有助于满意度（Apouey, 2022）。本研究的有趣之处在于，在不同的社会经济群体之间，退休是一段自由时期的观念没有显著差异。
S. Harper demographic dividend. Also referred to as the silver demographic dividend this is the increase in productivity arising from older healthier adults contributing directly to the productivity of the economy, through working longer (Ogawa et al., 2021). If supported by appropriate policy and labour market conditions, population ageing can actually create new opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship to thrive (Rouzet et al., 2019).However, as Harper (2023) explores, it is not the changing demographics per se which are the challenge, rather the policies and institutions which frame the outcomes. Nearly 25 years after the Millennium many of our institutions are still defined by 20th century structures which are no longer effective for 21st century dynamics. And these institutions and public perceptions influence the behaviour of individuals within ageing societies. As we note the public outcry in France over the proposal to raise the pension age from 62 to 64, we can only recall the seminal work of US economists, Gruber and Wise (1999), who pointed out the significant role of pension incentives in inducing healthy active individuals to retire, with France having one of the highest retirement incentives within its pension systems of any OECD country. This is in a country with one of the highest life expectancies in the world. In 2022 life expectancy at birth in France reached 85.3 years for women and 79.4 for men. Indeed, there has been a rise in combined life expectancy of 5 years since Gruber and Wise published their seminal study–78.68 (1999) to 83.13 (2023) with the UN projecting a French life expectancy of 86.5 by the middle of the century. Similarly, France has a Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) at age 60 of another 20 years, making it one of the healthiest older populations in the world. Thus, while actual retirement in France–at around 64-is not far from the EU average, it has one of the highest years in retirement, at 23.5 years for men and 27 for women. It is, however, recognised that the normative perception of retirement in France is one of a social right for workers, a view widely, shared by all ages, that transitioning to retirement in ones early 60s is appropriate. As a result, French retirees are more likely to report that regaining freedom and control, experiencing a lower level of stress and responsibilities, and engaging in social activities significantly contribute to satisfaction (Apouey, 2022). Of interest in this study, there was no significant difference in the idea of retirement as a period of freedom between different socioeconomic groups.
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DOI：
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