Present and future arboviral threats.
Present and future arboviral threats.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.008
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发表时间：
2010-02
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Reisen, William K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Weaver, Scott C.;Reisen, William K.
节肢动物传播的病毒(虫媒病毒)是几乎全世界范围内人类疾病的重要原因。所有虫媒病毒都在野生动物中传播，其中许多病毒在溢出传播给人类和在农业上具有重要意义的家畜后会导致疾病，这些家畜是偶然或死胡同的宿主。登革热病毒(DENV)和基孔肯雅病毒(CHIKV)等病毒已经失去了地方性传播的要求，现在在热带城市中心产生了广泛的流行病。许多虫媒病毒最近利用各种机制作为人类和兽医病原体的重要性增加了。从1999年开始，西尼罗河病毒(WNV)在美洲经历了戏剧性的地理扩张。与禽类毒力相关的高扩增，加上适应蚊媒在较高温度下复制，它已导致美洲迄今报告的最大规模的虫媒病毒性脑炎疫情。日本脑炎病毒(JEV)是全球脑炎最常见的虫媒病毒，已从印度尼西亚和马来西亚的假定起源传播到亚洲大部分地区，并远至澳大利亚南部。乙脑病毒在入侵新的地区时引起了重大流行病，通常是由于水稻栽培和家养猪的放大。裂谷热病毒(RVFV)是另一种虫媒病毒，在家养动物中扩增后感染人类，在干旱后的多雨年份进行流行性传播。印度洋变暖与太平洋的厄尔尼诺-南方涛动有关，导致东非的暴雨淹没了表面池和前几个季节产下的垂直感染的蚊卵。与西尼罗河病毒一样，如果通过商业或出于邪恶目的无意传播，乙脑和轮状病毒可能在美洲成为流行病和流行病。气候变暖还可以促进许多虫媒病毒分布的扩大，正如蓝舌病毒(BTV)所记录的那样，蓝舌病毒是反刍动物的主要病原体。BTV，特别是BTV-8，在气候变暖使主要媒介向北扩展到南欧后入侵欧洲，延长了当地蚊种的传播季节和媒介能力。也许虫媒病毒出现的最大健康风险来自广泛的热带城市化，以及高度亲人(被人类吸引)的埃及伊蚊对这一不断扩大的栖息地的殖民。这些因素导致了城市DENV和基孔肯雅病毒(CHIKV)的永久性流行周期，以及黄热病和寨卡病毒的季节性人际传播。最近对美洲、欧洲和非洲的入侵。白纹伊蚊是一种重要的CHIKV和二次DENV载体，可在热带和温带地区加强这些病毒的城市传播。地方性虫媒病毒持续传播的最低要求，足够的人类病毒血症和Ae的媒介能力。Aegypti和/或Ae.另外两种可能成为人类主要病原体的病毒可能会与白纹伊蚊相遇：委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒和马亚罗病毒，委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒已经是整个美洲人类和马匹神经系统疾病的重要原因，而马亚罗病毒是CHIKV的近亲，在南美洲产生一种类似于衰弱的关节痛疾病。需要进一步的研究，以了解这些和其他虫媒病毒未来出现、入侵新的地理区域并成为重要的公共和兽医卫生问题的潜力。
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human disease nearly worldwide. All arboviruses circulate among wild animals, and many cause disease after spillover transmission to humans and agriculturally important domestic animals that are incidental or dead-end hosts. Viruses such as dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses that have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers. Many arboviruses recently have increased in importance as human and veterinary pathogens using a variety of mechanisms. Beginning in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) underwent a dramatic geographic expansion into the Americas. High amplification associated with avian virulence coupled with adaptation for replication at higher temperatures in mosquito vectors, it has caused the largest epidemic of arboviral encephalitis ever reported in the Americas. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the most frequent arboviral cause of encephalitis worldwide, has spread throughout most of Asia and as far south as Australia from its putative origin in Indonesia and Malaysia. JEV has caused major epidemics as it invaded new areas, often enabled by rice culture and amplification in domesticated swine. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), another arbovirus that infects humans after amplification in domesticated animals, undergoes epizootic transmission during wet years following droughts. Warming of the Indian Ocean, linked to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Pacific, leads to heavy rainfall in east Africa inundating surface pools and vertically-infected mosquito eggs laid during previous seasons. Like WNV, JEV and RVFV could become epizootic and epidemic in the Americas if introduced unintentionally via commerce or intentionally for nefarious purposes. Climate warming also could facilitate the expansion of the distributions of many arboviruses, as documented for bluetongue viruses (BTV), major pathogens of ruminants. BTV, especially BTV-8, invaded Europe after climate warming enabled the major midge vector to expand is distribution northward into southern Europe and extended the transmission season and vectorial capacity of local midge species. Perhaps the greatest health risk of arboviral emergence comes from extensive tropical urbanization and the colonization of this expanding habitat by the highly anthropophilic (attracted to humans) mosquito, Aedes aegypti. These factors led to the emergence of permanent endemic cycles of urban DENV and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), as well as seasonal interhuman transmission of yellow fever and Zika viruses. The recent invasion into the Americas, Europe and Africa of Ae. albopictus, an important CHIKV and secondary DENV vector, could enhance urban transmission of these viruses in tropical as well as temperate regions. The minimal requirements for sustained endemic arbovirus transmission, adequate human viremia and vector competence of Ae. aegypti and/or Ae. albopictus, may be met by two other viruses with the potential to become major human pathogens: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, already an important cause of neurological disease in humans and equids throughout the Americas, and Mayaro virus, a close relative of CHIKV that produces a comparably debilitating arthralgic disease in South America. Further research is needed to understand the potential of these and other arboviruses to emerge in the future, invade new geographic areas, and become important public and veterinary health problems.
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影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Cardosa J;Ooi MH;Tio PH;Perera D;Holmes EC;Bibi K;Abdul Manap Z
通讯作者：
Abdul Manap Z
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Carpenter, S.;McArthur, C.;Mellor, P. S.
通讯作者：
Mellor, P. S.
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0806490106
发表时间：
2009-01-20
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Anyamba, Assaf;Chretien, Jean-Paul;Linthicum, Kenneth J.
通讯作者：
Linthicum, Kenneth J.
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
Bird, Brian H.;Githinji, Jane W. K.;Nichol, Stuart T.
通讯作者：
Nichol, Stuart T.
DOI：
10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.965
发表时间：
1998-12-01
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Bosio, CF;Beaty, BJ;Black, WC
通讯作者：
Black, WC